Pseudo-BL algebras are noncommutative generalizations of BL-algebras and they include pseudo-MV algebras, a class of structures that are categorically equivalent to l-groups with strong unit. In this paper we characterize directly indecomposable pseudo-BL algebras and we define and study different classes of these structures: local, good, perfect, peculiar, and (strongly) bipartite pseudo-BL al...

BL-algebras are algebraic structures corresponding to Hajek’s basic fuzzy logic. The aim of this paper is analyze the structure using commutative rings. Due computational considerations, we interested in finite case. We present new ways generate rings and provide summarizing statistics. Furthermore, investigated BL-rings, i.e., whose lattice ideals can be equipped with a BL-algebra. A character...

A model for ball lightning (BL) is described. It is based upon the vorton model for elementary particles, which exploits the symmetry between electricity and magnetism. The core, or driving engine, of BL in this model is comprised of a vorton-antivorton plasma. The energy of BL, which derives from nucleon decay catalyzed by this plasma, leads, through various mechanisms, to BL luminosity as wel...

The conversion of castasterone (CS) to brassinolide (BL), a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, represents the final and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of BL in plants. Heterologously expressed Arabidopsis thaliana CYP85A2 in yeast mediated the conversion of CS to BL as well as the C-6 oxidation of brassinosteroids (BRs). This indicated that CYP85A2 is a bifunctional enzyme that possesses BR C-6...

In the Results and Methods sections, there are errors in the fourth and tenth equations. The variables M 1 should read as (M 1-1). Please view the complete, correct Equation 4 here: Q t ð Þ ¼ 2 M 1 À 1 ð Þ 1 À k bl t expðk bl tÞ À 1 þ mM 1 1 À expðÀk bl tÞ ð Þ Please view the complete, correction Equation 10 here: Q model t ð Þ ¼ 2 M 1 À 1 ð Þ 1 À k bl t expðk bl tÞ À 1 þ mM 1 1 À expðÀk bl tÞ ...

We present near{infrared imaging of 11 BL Lac objects. The host galaxy is resolved in 7 low redshift (z0.24) BL Lacs, while the 4 unresolved BL Lacs have either high (z0.5) or unknown redshift. The host galaxies of low redshift BL Lacs are luminous (average M(H) = { 25.80.5), i.e. slightly brighter than L* galaxies, and of similar luminosity to or slightly fainter than brightest cluster galaxie...

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a category of early stage, non-invasive breast tumor defined by the intraductal proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells. DCIS is a heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecular subtypes including luminal, HER2 and basal-like types, which are characterized by immunohistochemical analyses and gene expression profiling. Following surgical and ra...

Background Growing demand for Global Health (GH) training and the internationalisation of education requires innovative approaches to training. Blended learning (BL, a form of e-learning combining face-to-face or real-time interaction with computer-assisted learning) is a promising approach for increasing GH research capacity in low- to middle-income countries. Implementing BL, however, require...

The normal counterpart of the neoplastic B cells in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is still unclear. Based on immunoglobulin gene rearrangement studies, some authors suggest an origin from germinal center cells and others from memory B cells. However, most of these studies rely on cell lines or on a small series of cases. To help clarify the cell of origin of BL, semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (P...

gasification (BBLG). One particularly harsh application is linings for gasifiers used in the treatment of black liquor (BL). Black liquor is a water solution of the non-cellulose portion of the wood (mainly lignin) and the spent pulping chemicals (Na2CO3, K2CO3, and Na2S). Development of new refractory materials for the black liquor gasification (BLG) application is a critical issue for imp...