In this work, methodologies to determine manganese (Mn) in urine and whole blood by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry were developed. The use of Ru, Rh, and Zr as permanent modifiers, Pd as a modifier in solution, and the condition without modifier were investigated for the direct determination of Mn in urine and whole blood samples. The best results for Mn in urine and in whole blo...

Dynamic optimization can be used to determine optimal input profiles for dynamic processes. Due to plant-model mismatch and disturbances, the optimal inputs determined through model-based optimization will, in general, not be optimal for the plant. Modifier adaptation is a methodology that uses measurements to achieve optimality in the presence of uncertainty. Modifier-adaptation schemes have b...

In this review, we present a summary of how computer modeling has been used in the development of covalent-modifier drugs. Covalent-modifier drugs bind by forming a chemical bond with their target. This covalent binding can improve the selectivity of the drug for a target with complementary reactivity and result in increased binding affinities due to the strength of the covalent bond formed. In...

Finite population size generates interference between selected loci, which has been shown to favour increased rates of recombination. In this article, I present different analytical models exploring selection acting on a 'sex modifier locus' (that affects the relative investment into asexual and sexual reproduction) in a finite population. Two forms of selective forces act on the modifier: dire...

The 22 modifier is a Current Procedural Terminology code modifier that allows surgeons to receive additional reimbursement for complex procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the rate of, time to, and factors affecting reimbursement for 22-modifier cases filed by orthopedic surgeons. The authors reviewed the charts and billing data of the 150 noncharity spine and total joint replacem...

Three isozyme variants of catechol oxidase have been shown to be determined by alleles of a gene, Cx, which has been located on chromosome 10 less than 0.1 recombination units from the endosperm marker du(1).-The extractable form of the enzyme is modified by an endogeneous "modifier" which appears to function as an enzyme substrate. Enzyme and modifier are functionally isolated in intact cells....