Developing a new drug entity from drafting its structure to market launching is a complex process which can take many years and cost millions of dollars. It may also take many years to grow an idea of supporting evidence before selecting a pharmacological target for a costly drug discovery programme. This reflects a massive investment in terms of time, money, human and other potential resources...

“Surrender; therefore, surrender or fight” is apparently an argument corresponding to an inference from an imperative to an imperative. Several philosophers, however (Williams 1963; Wedeking 1970; Harrison 1991; Hansen 2008), have denied that imperative inferences exist, arguing that (1) no such inferences occur in everyday life, (2) imperatives cannot be premises or conclusions of inferences b...

Background. Increasingly, women are training and competing in mixed martial arts (MMA). Women are, however, hugely underrepresented in the research literature. Objectives. The purpose of this brief report was to assess concussion knowledge, mental health and attention-related errors among female MMA competitors and factors that might affect data quality when doing a study during a competition....

Male-male competition can shape some behavioral or morphological traits of males. Here we investigate if this competition could play a role in the persistence of the polymorphism of handedness in human populations. A negative frequency-dependent selection mechanism has been hypothesized, based on the fact that left-handed men may benefit from a "surprise" advantage during fighting interactions ...

The development of the Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire is described; this is an instrument designed to measure human equivalents of six animal behaviour paradigms--Approach, Active Avoidance, Passive Avoidance, Extinction, Fight and Flight. Although these six scales showed satisfactory internal consistency they failed to link up into the three major systems suggested by Gray's personality...

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a major challenge because of the extreme variability of the clinical outcome, which makes it difficult to properly stage the disease and thereby estimate the prognosis. There is growing evidence that this heterogeneous clinical behavior is attributable to several different biological pathways. A novel approach to mapping these differences is by in...

1376 www.thelancet.com Vol 389 April 8, 2017 The USA is one of the richest countries in the world, but that reality means very little for most people because so much of that wealth is controlled by a tiny sliver of Americans. During the past 35 years, there has been a massive transfer of wealth away from the middle class and the poor to the top 0·1% of the US population. Despite advancements in...

Biological entities are involved in complicated and complex connections; hence, discovering biological information using network biology ideas is critical. In the past few years, has emerged as an integrative systems-level approach for understanding interpreting these interactions. analysis one method reducing enormous data sets to clinically useful knowledge disease diagnosis, prognosis, treat...

Biological response modifiers improve the body's ability to fight cancer by immunostimulation. Although a century has passed since the first attempt was made to stimulate the host immune system against cancer, only the past decade has witnessed the scientific use of biological response modifiers. Recent advances in tumour immunology have enabled the development of specific agents targeted again...