Costs associated with extra-territorial movement are believed to have favoured the evolution of delayed dispersal and sociality across a range of social vertebrates, but remain surprisingly poorly understood. Here we reveal a novel mechanism that may contribute substantially to the costs of extra-territorial movement: physiological stress. We show that subordinate male meerkats, Suricata surica...

In cooperatively breeding species, subordinates typically suffer strong constraints on within-group reproduction. While numerous studies have highlighted the additional fitness benefits that subordinates might accrue through helping, few have considered the possibility that subordinates may also seek extra-group matings to improve their chances of actually breeding. Here, we show that subordina...

In the 21 st Century, space exploration will focus on surface exploration, with human-robotic collaboration allowing extended-duration stays at challenging lunar and planetary sites. This paper focuses on three early phases of lunar exploration: (i) in-situ characterisation and site survey for science, prospecting and reconnaissance in advance of human sorties (ii) in-situ human sortie field as...

The need to understand the eeects of anthropogenic perturbations on the ocean carbon cycle has sparked a new interest in biogeochemical models in recent years. These models are now being coupled with physical ocean circulation models. For this coupling to generate realistic uxes of nutrients and carbon, the biogeochemical equations need to exhibit realistic dynamics. As a rst step in the develo...

With the era of big data, prediction and evaluation geological mineral resources have gradually entered into a new stage from digital prospecting to intelligent prospecting. The theoretical method data mining can contribute deep resource evaluation. This paper extracts ore-causing ore-caused anomaly information based on text technology, constructs regional conceptual model data. First, we set u...