Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, with an incidence of 1.5 2% in the population over 60 years of age, which increases significantly with advancing age (for reviews see de Lau & Breteler, 2006; Toulouse & Sullivan, 2008). Since the Western world is experiencing significant increases in life expectancy, the incidence of PD is steadily escalating. The f...

SIR, Infections are the most common adverse events associated with the use of tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and neurological complications are far less common. Nevertheless, the review of the Adverse Events Reporting System of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revealed a number of neurological events suggestive of demyelination that occurred duri...

In 1925, Willi Kleine described a series of 5 patients with “periodic sleepiness” of diverse etiology. In 1936, Levin published additional cases with “a syndrome of periodic somnolence and morbid hunger.” The diagnosis of Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS), according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders–3, requires (1) recurring episodes, usually more than once a year and at least on...

We read with interest the article by Shulman and colleagues in a 2000 issue of Movement Disorders. In that article, one case of pregnancy in a patient with Parkinson’s disease (PD) on levodopa therapy was reported. After prospective and quantitative neurological examination of the patient, the authors concluded that pregnancy exacerbates PD and could have a longterm negative impact on the cours...

•New dopa-responsive phenotype expands the spectrum of GlyR antibody-associated PERM syndrome.•Appendicular rigidity with axial hypotonia and oculomotor abnormalities suggested hypodopaminergic tone.•Downstream effects antibody may interfere dopamine network. Progressive encephalomyelitis myoclonus (PERM) syndrome is a rare autoimmune encephalitis, often associated glutamic acid decarboxylase (...

Membrane-associated semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is mainly present in the media of aorta and in adipose tissue. Recent works have reported that SSAO activation can stimulate glucose transport of fat cells and promote adipose conversion. In this study, the murine 3T3-L1 preadipose cell line was used to investigate SSAO regulation by tumor necrosis factor(TNF), a cytokine that is ...

The purpose of writing this review on Hollow microspheres is to compile the recent literature with special focus on the principal mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. Hollow microsphere promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. The recent developments of FDDS including approaches to design single-unit and multiple-unit floating systems, mechanism of floating mi...