Some dihydropyridines (DHPs), such as amlodipine and cilnidipine, have been shown to block not only L-type but also N-type Ca channels; therefore, DHPs are no longer considered as L-type-specific Ca channel blockers. However, selectivity of DHPs for Ca channel subtypes including N-, P/Q-, and R-types are poorly understood. To address this issue at the molecular level, blocking effects of 10 DHP...

The coexistence of hypertension increases cardiovascular risks and the rate of deterioration of renal function for diabetic patients. For patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), the use of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is known to be effective and well tolerated and to be protective against chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). However, serious adverse reactions to ACE...

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection that affects the nail apparatus. Treating a nail infection like onychomycosis is challenging, as the human nail plate acts as a formidable barrier against all drug permeation. Available oral and topical treatments have several setbacks. Terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH), belonging to the allylamine class, is a broad spectrum antifungal that is mainly used for t...

supply and demand for oxygen in the heart, and it is divided into Angina of Effort and Stable Angina depending on the cause of the anginal fit. The former is a situation of myocardial ischemia induced by a lack of oxygen, which is caused by an inability to increase blood flow due to coronary constriction. The latter is a situation of severe myocardial ischemia induced by coronary spasm or abnor...

provided the original work is properly cited. CC The beach-chair position is commonly used for shoulder surgery. Its advantages include ease of setup, less intraoperative blood loss, and a lower incidence of traction neuropathy [1]. However, caution is required as the position may induce undesirable physiologic changes including decrease in mean arterial pressure and cardiac index, and increase...

BACKGROUND Coadministration of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (DHP-CCBs) with statins (or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors) is common for patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. To reduce the risk of myopathy, in 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Drug Safety Communication set a new dose limitation for simvastatin, for ...