Pain serves vital protective functions. To fulfill these functions, a noxious stimulus might induce a percept which, in turn, induces a behavioral response. Here, we investigated an alternative view in which behavioral responses do not exclusively depend on but themselves shape perception. We tested this hypothesis in an experiment in which healthy human subjects performed a reaction time task ...

introduction: mineral trioxide aggregate (mta) is an endodontic material with different clinical applications e.g. root-end filling, pulp capping and perforation repair.  it has been reported to possess antimicrobial and antifungal activities. the aim of this study was to examine the effect of white mta on formalin-induced hyperalgesia in a rat with inflammatory pain. materials and methods: inf...

The noradrenergic locus ceruleus (LC) system has been implicated in several behavioral functions, most notably, response to salient sensory events. Here, we provide new evidence indicating a role in the execution of responses associated with simple decisions. We examined impulse activity of monkey LC neurons during performance of a forced-choice discrimination task. The timing of LC activity mo...

The computational processes by which attention improves behavioral performance were characterized by measuring visual cortical activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging as humans performed a contrast-discrimination task with focal and distributed attention. Focal attention yielded robust improvements in behavioral performance accompanied by increases in cortical responses. Quantitativ...

Subjective, behavioral, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses were intensively monitored in two height phobics over a full course of exposure therapy and at follow-up. Both subjects showed rising cortisol responses and stable, non-extinguishing norepinephrine responses to height exposure over the course of treatment, while improvement occurred in subjective and behavioral response systems...

In this study we provide a comprehensive analysis of the hypothalamic activation pattern during exposure to a live predator or an environment previously associated with a predator. Our results support the view that hypothalamic processing of the actual and the contextual predatory threats share the same circuit, in which the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) plays a pivotal role in amplifying ...

Behavioral inhibition (i.e. avoidance of unfamiliar) has been linked to significant differences in stress physiology and health. Developing an animal model of this common temperament provides a means to experimentally study the development and physiology of this trait as it relates to stress-related health processes. To elaborate such an animal model, we studied individual rat responses to two ...

In stabled horses, behavioral responses to frustration are often observed, especially around feeding time. These behavioral responses are a useful indicator of their welfare. In this study, we investigated the association between this behavioral indicator and DRD4 gene polymorphisms in stabled horses. Twenty one horses housed in two stables were used. The horses were observed for approximately ...

Capitalizing upon Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs) and Leader-member exchange (LMX), this research aims to explore the relationship between the congruence of employees’ ILTs and those traits of their managers and employees’ supportiveness, resistance and behavioral creativity for change. After distributing three questionnaires at three points among teachers, 296 participants completed all th...

the most important characteristics of ptsd, as an anxiety disorder, are memory disorders and hippocampus is one of the essential structures which plays a critical role in ptsd memory disorders. traumatic events cause apoptosis and alter the expression of neurotrophic factors in hippocampus. the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of β-estradiol on behavioral responses in ptsd and to st...