shari'atnameh writing as a prescription in political jurisprudence has been of particular importance in islamic political thought. this paper tries to focus on thought of fadhlollah ibn ruzbahan khonji, the last shari'atnameh writer in middle ages in the era consolidation of power of shiite government, shah ismail i, safavid king and the decline of the caliphate. the paper tries to an...

throughout the history of the islamic iran the judicial system has always been based on common law and canon law (sharī‘a). upon the formalization of shī‘ism as the official school (nadhhab) in the safavid era, the shī‘a jurisprudence was set as the basis for legal judgments; and for the execution of judicial affairs the ruler appointed officers such as ṣadr, shaykh al-islām, and other judicial...

mirza malkum khan nazem al-dowleh, the famous iranian thinker and politician of the nineteenth century, spent about ten years in the ottoman empire during the period of tanzimat and was associated with important figures in tanzimat and the first ottoman constitutional era such as foad pasha, aali pasha and medhat pasha. later, he claimed that he had written the important tanzimats figure, foad ...

youssef ismael – iraqi great artist – is one of the nobles in playwriting either in writing or in criticism. al – aani has enjoyed beresht’s theories and ideas while his idea were based on political requirements which was dominant in that era; he wanted to choose a frame for playwriting which considered all types of people of the society. the present article which is analytical – descriptive, s...

OBJECTIVE To compare the relative effects of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis regimens on patterns of early-onset neonatal sepsis. METHODS We performed an historical cohort study of 17187 infants born at our center from September 1993 to February 2000. A risk-based strategy was employed prior to July 1996 and a screening-based strategy was utilized thereafter. Ampicillin was utilized prior ...

kooh-e khajeh (kajeh mountain), with 120m height and 2-2.5km in diameter, is located at hamoon lake like an island. since the archaic era, due to its specific geopolitical location, religious sacredness, and the natural beauty especially at the times of water-richness at hamoon, this place caused the formation of settlements. based on an intensive archaeological survey conducted in this region...

Glancing through the contemporary architecture of Iran and its different generations during the Pahlavi era, it seems that there have been notions and ideas regarding the architecture which can be considered as a specific current in the architecture of Iran based on different elements of architecture criticism; then the aim of this study is to scrutinize those notions and ideas and their transf...

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) has followed a taxonomy-based approach, making the assumption that related species will show similar sensitivity to toxicants, and using safety factors or species sensitivity distributions to extrapolate from tested to untested species. In ecology it has become apparent that taxonomic approaches may have limitations for the description and understanding of speci...