Development of wheat (Triticum spp.) is primary driven by temperature, but is also affected by other factors such as vernalization and photoperiod. Crop growth and development are often described in terms of calendar days. However, determining the development in terms of thermal time or physiological time is more accurate because it is an accumulation of the caloric energy needed for the o...

The term Nanofluids was first coined by Sir Stephen Choi in 1995 at Argonne National Laboratory ,U.S.A .Since the discovery, nanofluid have been explored as heat transfer fluids. Nanofluids increased the thermal conductivity of existing coolants (Water, Ethylene glycol) by a magnitude of hundred times which made them attractive for miniaturization of electronic devices .From 1995 till 2008 nano...

There is a general notion in the literature that, with increasing latitude, trees have deeper crowns as a result of a lower solar elevation angle. However, these predictions are based on models that did not include the effects of competition for light between individuals. Here, I argue that there should be selection for trees to increase the height of the crown base, as this decreases shading b...

Reducing the thickness of crystalline Si wafers processed to solar cells returns two significant benefits. Firstly, processing cost is reduced by saving costand energy-intensive Si material. Secondly, the required diffusion length of minority carriers is smaller, thus, wafers with a smaller carrier lifetime (e.g. due to higher base doping) can be utilized. In this work, the industrially feasibl...

background: in general, measurements of solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation are related to horizontal surfaces. while the hu­mans walking and standing outdoors expose to the natural solar uv radiation, their eyes, cheeks, extremities, trunks, or many other anatomical sites are close to vertical plane and random orient to different directions. in this study, we character­ized the diurnal variations...

by Joseph Bondar* Effective December 1989, Social Security beneficiaries received a 4.7 percent cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) in their benefit payments. This increase, which was reflected in the checks issued on January 3, 1990, was the highest since the June 1982 increase of 7.4 percent. The January benefit checks to 39.2 million Social Security beneficiaries totaled $934 million more than ...