Banks and other depository institutions have signed more than 300 community reinvestment agreements valued at $350 billion in the two decades since the passage of the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). This article examines the effectiveness of negotiating CRA agreements in Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New Jersey. After describing the agreements and the procedures by which they are enforc...

An important rationale for tax credits is to improve opportunities for children born to low-income families. We combine data on children in a large urban school district with administrative tax records to estimate the impact of tax credits on children’s future earnings and other long-term outcomes. Our analysis consists of two parts. We first identify the impacts of tax credits on test scores u...

The business developments initiated by businessmen often require large amounts of financing, hence a third party interference is needed. For this purpose, generally apply for loans or credits from financial institutions, including banks. legal relationship between businessman as debtor and bank creditor stated in credit agreement. An issue arises when there only one with more than upon single I...

Guarantees are generally used to cover the risk of a contracting party failing fulfill its agreed obligations (such as non-payment or delivery). Collateral can be in open account trading it complements collection efforts and documentary credits. A guarantee is type protection that one imposes on other transaction event second fails according predetermined specifications. In this case, first rec...

  One of the main problems of SMEs is how to finance their investments. The role of banks in this regard is crucial, since they can be a type of sources of financing through lending credits directly to SMEs. The key role of the paper thus relies on analyzing the effect of SMEs financing by the Iranian banking system.   The objective of this paper is to determine the influence of loans demanded...

background and purpose: this study intends to identify the numbers and some characteristics of the teachers of various english courses offered at medical universities affiliated to the ministry of health during the second semester of the academic year 2005-6. methods: the methods used in this research were “gathering existing data”, and “descriptive study”. the research was conducted by sending...

Within less than a decade the World Bank has become the largest single source of finance (loans) for health in low and middle income countries as well as a major player in the field of pharmaceuticals. Often 20-50% of the recurrent government health budget in developing countries is used to procure drugs. Drugs are among the most salient and cost-effective elements of health care and often a ke...

The reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide (CO2 ), has become one of the most serious issues in the world today to build a sustainable world. Digital economy have several contributions to the reduction of GHG emissions. Among them,Carbon credits is one of the most important and effect approach to reducing the amount of GHG emissions, where carbon credits are generated by...