This survey attempts to catch up with the recent increasing interests in statistical approach to natural language processing based on large corpora. First of all, a historical overview traces back to 1950s when Noam Chomsky proposed his phrase structure transformation grammar and rejected the Markov process natural language modeling. With the development of large corpora and language modeling i...

BACKGROUND Validating a questionnaire/instrument (whether developed or adapted) before proceeding to the field for data collection is important. This article presents the modification of an Irish questionnaire for a Nigerian setting. The validation process and reliability testing of this questionnaire (which was used in assessing previous breastfeeding practices and breastfeeding intentions of ...

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study is to translate and validate a Portuguese version the Keratoconus Outcomes Research Questionnaire. Questionnaire psychometrically robust valid instrument used assess impact keratoconus on activity limitations symptoms. Methods: We performed translation, cross-cultural adaptation, validation initial translation English language was by two independent n...

This paper deals with a testing method suitable for SIP infrastructure. The performance testing is an issue of research and no standardized methodology has been adopted yet. We present the main ideas of the methodology that allows for testing the keystone of SIP based infrastructure – the SIP Server – in both SIP Proxy and B2BUA (Back to Back User Agent) configurations. Our methodology has its ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the process of translation, adaptation, and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pediatric Trigger Toolkit: Measuring Adverse Drug Events in the Children's Hospital. METHODS The validation process for the research instrument was carried out in five steps: (I) translation from English into Brazilian Portuguese by two independent translators; (II) synthesi...

This paper revisits the pivot language approach for machine translation. First, we investigate three different methods for pivot translation. Then we employ a hybrid method combining RBMT and SMT systems to fill up the data gap for pivot translation, where the sourcepivot and pivot-target corpora are independent. Experimental results on spoken language translation show that this hybrid method s...

  Background: We aimed to develop and validate the Persian version of Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2) in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Translation and back translation was performed using Beaton’s guideline. After a consensus has achieved on the Persian version of SF-MPQ-2, it was administered to 30 patients with knee osteoarthritis in a pilot study. Then, we enr...