the phenomenon of how tests influence teaching and learning is commonly described as “wash back”in language instruction. literature indicates that wash back effect is a complex concept that becomeseven more complicated under different interpretations of the wash back phenomenon in teaching andlearning. in the present study, some definitions of wash back and its two major types were introduced,a...

We introduce the concept of screen-printed back-to-back electroanalytical sensors where in this facile and generic approach, screen-printed electrodes are printed back-to-back with a common electrical connection to the two working electrodes with the counter and reference electrodes for each connected in the same manner as a normal "traditional" screen-printed sensor would be. This approach uti...

There is growing recognition of the role that osteopathy can play in the treatment of women during pregnancy (King et al 2003; Sandler 1996; Green 2000). It is usual for the osteopathic training colleges to run a pregnancy clinic and give students the opportunity to focus on the particular changes the body will go through from a neuro-musculo-skeletal view point during this unique period of a w...

BACKGROUND Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a highly disabling morbidity with high social, economic and individual effects. Demographic, occupational and behavioral changes that took place in Brazil over the last decade are related with an increasing burden of chronic conditions. Despite these changes, comparison studies on CLBP prevalence and associated factors, over time are scarce in the lite...

OBJECTIVE To study whether conservative correction in a leg-length discrepancy (LLD) of 10mm or less in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) can relieve pain. DESIGN Randomized, controlled intervention study, with a mean follow-up duration of 10 weeks. SETTING Physical therapy clinic of the national health services. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-three patients with CLBP were screened for an L...

BACKGROUND Individuals suffering from chronic low back pain (CLBP) experience major physical, social, and occupational disruptions. Strong evidence confirms the effectiveness of Alexander technique (AT) training for CLBP. OBJECTIVES The present study applied an integrative model (IM) of behavioral prediction for improvement of AT training. METHODS This was a quasi-experimental study of fema...

OBJECTIVES To identify the efficacy of auricular acupressure on pain and disability for chronic LBP by systematic review. METHODS A search of randomized controlled trials was conducted in four English medical electronic databases and three Chinese databases. Two reviewers independently retrieved related studies, assessed the methodological quality, and extracted data with a standardized data ...

BACKGROUND Acupuncture has long been employed for the treatment of chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, very few studies have characterized the effectiveness of the different acupuncture modes for CLBP. METHODS In total, 187 patients with CLBP participated in this study. Eligible patients were randomized to Hegu acupuncture, Standard acupuncture, or Usual Care groups. Eighteen (18) treatmen...

Purpose Minority groups experience significant barriers to participation in clinical trials. Little is known about characteristics of treatment adherence among low income minority populations in CAM trials. This analysis aims to identify factors associated with class attendance, a major component of treatment adherence, in participants engaged in a research study of yoga for chronic low back pa...