Introduction: Zinc is an essential rare element that plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and modulation of the activity of central nervous system and is involved in learning and memory. Increasing zinc intake may protect against conditions associated with zinc deficiency, such as diabetes. Some studies have revealed that zinc deficiency in diabetic subjects is due to hogher excret...

Introduction: Zinc is an essential trace element that plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and modulating the activity of CNS and involve in learning and memory. Synaptic vesicle zinc in the hippocampus area exerting modulatory effects on NMDA glutamate receptor. Method: In this experiment the effects of NMDA agonist and antagonist administration intra hippocampus on passive avoidan...

Introduction: Nitric oxide is an important messenger in hippocampal region which is affected in learning and memory processes and hippocampal responses to stress. In this study, we investigated the effect of L-NAME on passive avoidance memory in adult male rats exposed to restraint-stress. Methods: For this purpose, male Wistar rats were bilaterally implanted with cannulas aimed at the CA1 r...

  Abstract   Introduction: Diabetes mellitus accompanies with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the human society and experimental animals. Considering the beneficial antidiabetic potential of Nigella sativum (NS ), this research study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic consumption of NS on learning and memory in diabetic rats using passive avoidance and Y-m...

introduction: epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which patients experience spontaneous recurrent seizures and deficiency in learning and memory. although the most commonly recommended therapy is drug treatment, some patients do not achieve adequate control of their seizures on existing drugs. new medications with novel mechanisms of action are needed to help those patients whose sei...

The role of the magnocellular reticular formation (MGRF) of the brainstem on learning and memory was examined in memory-deficient mice with spontaneous spongy degeneration in the brainstem (senescence-accelerated mouse, SAMP8) and control mice (accelerated-senescence resistant mouse, SAMR 1). SAMP8 showed spontaneous age-related impairment of learning and memory, as determined by passive and ac...

abstract  introduction: intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (stz) causes cognitive impairment in rats. the beneficial effect of genistein (gen) was investigated on icv stz-induced learning, memory, and cognitive impairment in male rats. methods: for this purpose, rats were injected with icv stz bilaterally, on days 1 and 3 (3 mg/kg). the stz-injected rats received gen (1 m...

Introduction: Lower level of estrogen hormone is considered as an important factor for loss of learning and memory in postmenopausal women. Although estrogen replacement therapy is used for compensation, but long-term usage of estrogen is associated with a higher risk of hormonedependent cancers. Phytoestrogens, due to fewer side effects, have been proposed to prevent menopause-related co...