The estimation of the causal effect an endogenous treatment based on instrumental variable (IV) is often complicated by non-observability outcome interest due to attrition, sample selection, or survey non-response. To tackle latter problem, latent ignorability (LI) assumption imposes that attrition/sample selection independent conditional compliance type (i.e., how behaves as a function instrum...

We provide a new model that generates persistent performance differences amongst seemingly similar enterprises. Our model provides a mechanism whereby efficient incumbent rivals can give permission for an inefficient firm to exist in the presence of efficient entrants. We demonstrate that, in a repeated game, an efficient incumbent has a unilateral incentive to establish a relational contract t...

We report an experiment designed to study whether inefficient firms are systematically driven from overcrowded markets. Our data set includes a series of 3,800 wars of attrition of a type modeled by Fudenberg and Tirole in 1986. We find that exit tends to be efficient and exit times conform surprisingly well to point predictions of the model. Moreover, subjects respond similarly to implementati...

This paper studies the optimal division of profit with complementary innovations. We identify circumstances in which the research should be conducted sequentially, targeting one innovation after another in a prespecified order, even if each innovation can be achieved independently of the others. We then consider the implementation of this sequential pattern of investment in a market equilibrium...

Action research isapowerful tool thatcan beused byteaching centers to improve teaching and learning. This chapter describes an action research project conducted at theCenter forResearch on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan. The projectconcerns retention and attrition in science gateway courses, with particular attention given to therole of the teaching assistant. This chapter ...

This study analyses the characteristics of members leaving trade unions in Spain – specifically the Catalonia branch of Workers’ Commissions (CCOO-Catalonia) – alongside their reasons for leaving using a variety of data sources. Our findings indicate higher union attrition among members in more precarious employment situations (i.e. temporary employment, low seniority). In general, union leaver...

OBJECTIVE To determine the rate and trend of attrition from a surgical residency programme and to identify the reasons for attrition. METHODS A questionnaire-based survey was conducted at a university hospital. Separate questionnaires were designed for residents and programme directors (PDs). The residents who left the training voluntarily from one of the five surgical residency programmes (i...

OBJECTIVE Attrition is a common problem in weight management. Understanding the risk factors for attrition should enhance professionals' ability to increase completion rates and improve health outcomes for more individuals. A model that draws upon neuropsychological knowledge on reward-sensitivity in obesity and overeating to predict attrition is proposed. METHODS A total of 52 participants i...

OBJECTIVE The analysis of the relation between weight loss goals and attrition in the treatment of obesity has produced conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of weight loss goals on attrition in a cohort of obese women seeking treatment at 8 Italian medical centres. METHODS 634 women with obesity, consecutively enrolled in weight loss programmes, were i...