This article looks at Ottoman market regulation policies and practices, by highlighting some turning points in their evolution the early modern period. The task of inspector evolved to focus largely on mundane or economic affairs market, diverging from previous practices Islamicate societies. study interprets particularities accounting for nuanced interpretations implementation rules regarding ...

Period Batch Control was developed and ®rst applied during the Second World War. The historic roots are discussed and the principles of this classic production planning approach explained, PBC compared to other production control concepts, and it is demonstrated that it may still be fruitfully applied, especially in combination with cellular manufacturing. It is therefore considered as a classi...

the expansion of shiite activities in iraq and its development through sunni nomads is one of the main issues involved ottoman governors in the second half of the nineteenth century, during the reign of abd al-hamid ii. (1876-1909). numerous real or unreal reports about the political and cultural risks of these activities were sent by officials of baghdad to bab-i ali in istanbul, forced the ce...

By the early 16th century, the Ottoman Empire had emerged as a major military power in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East. The Ottomans were feared and admired by contemporaneous Europeans from Niccol6 Machiavelli to Ivan Peresvetov. The latter regarded the empire of Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1444-46, 1451-81) as a model to be emulated by his own ruler, Ivan IV of Muscovy (r. 1547-84), and inde...

divan school played an important role in modernism and modernity which were comprehensive in the early twentieth century. by a brief look at the poetries and odes it is founded that the school was about to found a new plan which weren't different from the classic poetry. one of the technical features is the simultaneous presence of english culture beside the arabic. from their point of vie...

This paper provides standardized estimates of labor productivity in arable farming in selected regions of the early Ottoman Empire, including Jerusalem and neighboring districts in eastern Mediterranean; Bursa and Malatya in Anatolia; and Thessaly, Herzegovina, and Budapest in eastern Europe. I use data from the tax registers of the Ottoman Empire to estimate grain output per worker, standardiz...

European perceptions of the Islamic Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century have often been read through the prism of Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws (1748). His ‘moral geography’ depicted a despotic and decayed Islamic Ottoman polity in contrast to the dynamism displayed in European states. Montesquieu’s comparisons and contrasts between the Ottoman East and Europe appear to support Edwa...

In Greece gold searchers and lost treasures, are very common because there are too many gold deposits, too many lost gold coins, from the World War II, and generally too many lost treasures dating from the Byzantine period, the Ottoman Empire as well as treasures regarding pirates, Venetians etc. Gold searchers, despite the strenuous efforts they make to detect some of the lost treasures, very ...