Weather models forecast the future state of the atmosphere from an estimate of the current state of the atmosphere. However, the atmosphere is a chaotic physical system. That is, small differences illithe current state of the atmosphere lead to dramatic differences in weather events later on. Even if weather mgdels were perfect, small errors in the estimate for the current state of the atmosphe...

The adjustment of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to reductions in emissions depends on the chemical and physical processes that remove each gas from the atmosphere. Concentrations of some greenhouse gases decrease almost immediately in response to emission reduction, while others can actually continue to increase for centuries even with reduced emissions. The concentration of a...

this research was carried out in order to investigate on the effects of packaging type and storage temperature on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of dried melon. “thashkandi” and ‘ khatoni” melon varieties؛ osmotic solutions of 0% and 10% sucrose and cabinet dryer were applied for dried melon production. dried fruits were packed with modified atmosphere (pe-pa film, 85 micron thick...

It was found that exposure of hemagglutinating sera to pressures of the order of 3,000 to 4,000 atmospheres destroyed their agglutinating power, but did not convert them to inhibiting ("blocking") antibodies. Higher pressures (4,500 to 5,500 atmospheres) were required to destroy inhibiting anti-Rh(0) antibodies in a "blocking" serum. This conforms with ideas already held that the "blocking" ant...

Control of aerosol and vapor characteristics that affect the toxicity of inhaled contaminants often determines the methods of generating exposure atmospheres. Generation methods for aerosols and vapors are presented. The characteristics of the resulting exposure atmosphere and the limitations of the various generation methods are discussed. Methods and instruments for measuring the airborne con...

Current proposals for the characterization of extrasolar terrestrial planets rest primarily on the use of spectroscopic techniques. While spectroscopy is effective in detecting the gaseous components of a planet's atmosphere, it provides no way of detecting the presence of liquid water, the defining characteristic of a habitable planet. In this paper, I investigate the potential of an alternati...

Astronomical observations have shown that carbonaceous compounds in the gas and solid state, refractory and icy are ubiquitous in our and distant galaxies. Interstellar molecular clouds and circumstellar envelopes are factories of complex molecular synthesis. A surprisingly large number of molecules that are used in contemporary biochemistry on Earth are found in the interstellar medium, planet...