Laser desorption ionization (LDI) and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) are applied to study molecular weight distribution and cross sections of petroleum asphaltene (ASPH) and deasphaltened oils (DAO). Ion mobility data confirmed the presence of gas-phase aggregation in LDI experiments. Most of the molecules with MW > 3000 g/mol in LDI result from gas-phase aggregation. Two-dimensional (2...

We present the state of the art on the modern mathematical methods of exploiting the entropy principle in thermomechanics of continuous media. A survey of recent results and conceptual discussions of this topic in some well-known non-equilibrium theories (Classical irreversible thermodynamics CIT, Rational thermodynamics RT, Thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, Extended irreversible th...

a good understanding of adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamics is required to design and operate an adsorption process. this study was conducted to assess the adsorption percentage of pb2+ ions as a function of contact time, solution ph and temperatures, and adsorbent dosage through a series of batch experiments. the methods including zeta potentials, specific surface area measurements and t...

Entanglement entropy is a statistical entropy measuring information loss due to coarse-graining corresponding to a spatial division of a system. In this paper we construct a thermodynamics (entanglement thermodynamics) which includes the entanglement entropy as the entropy variable, for a massless scalar field in Minkowski, Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström spacetimes to understand the stati...

The precipitation of asphaltenes in two Mexican crude oils was measured using a combination of high-pressure isothermal expansion and atmospheric titration with nalkanes. Experiments were carried out from the liveand tank-oil type of samples of the same crude oils. For the oils investigated, compositional data, precipitation phase diagrams, and bubble point pressures are reported. A theoretical...

The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Evolution, and Probability Does evolution violate the second law of thermodynamics? Creationists say yes. This article describes in detail why the creationists are wrong. Attributing False Attributes to Thermodynamics Creationists have created a 'voodoo' thermodynamics based solely on metaphors in order to convince those not familiar with real thermodynamics th...