A microcantilever, coated with a monolayer of redox-controllable, bistable [3]rotaxane molecules (artificial molecular muscles), undergoes reversible deflections when subjected to alternating oxidizing and reducing electrochemical potentials. The microcantilever devices were prepared by precoating one surface with a gold film and allowing the palindromic [3]rotaxane molecules to adsorb selectiv...

background :  the aim of this paper was to study the prevalence and intensity of anisakids lar­vae in the long tail tuna fish captured from iranian shores of persian gulf. methods : different organs including skin, abdominal cavity, stomach and intestinal contents, stom­ach sub serous tissues, liver, spleen, gonads and 20 grams of muscles of 100 long tail tuna fish ( thannus tonggol ) caught fr...

A fundamental feature of pennate muscles is that muscle fibers are oriented at an angle to the line of action and rotate as they shorten, becoming more oblique throughout a contraction. This change in fiber orientation (pennation angle) can amplify the shortening velocity of a fiber and increase output velocity of the muscle. The velocity advantage resulting from dynamic changes in pennation an...

Current efforts are focused on assembling new constructions while applying non-conventional actuators, for example, artificial pneumatic muscles, in engineering manufacturing processes. The reason is to eliminate stiffness and inflexibility of equipment structures that make sharing the working space technological complicated. This article presents results experimental measurements pressures mus...

This paper reports mechanical testing and modeling results for the McKibben artificial muscle pneumatic actuator. This device, first developed in the 1950's, contains an expanding tube surrounded by braided cords. We report static and dynamic length-tension testing results and derive a linearized model of these properties for three different models. The results are briefly compared with human m...

Abstract Biological muscles mainly consist of motor proteins that play essential roles and have a hierarchical structure covered with collagen can transmit the tension to bones via tendons. The artificial reconstruction is highly expected from viewpoint engineering biology. Although been developed synthetic biological molecular motors, there considerable gap between components muscles, resultin...

In this work, the signal-force relation is investigated by analyzing the EMG signals measured from the muscles under the effect of forces. Surface EMG signals are recorded during the isometric and anisometric contraction of four muscles with different levels of forces applied to the arm. Higher order frequency moments calculated from the power spectrum of signals are used as characterizing feat...

Artificial Muscles A flexible electric artificial muscle capable of self-sensing and rapidly adjusting the stiffness along stretching direction is developed referencing biological smooth contraction. The integrated function enables fast response to stimuli simplifies control actuation-sensing system, which opens up new possibilities for advancing soft robotics wearable medical rehabilitation de...