The main aim of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship between three pillars economy: unemployment, inflation, and GDP in Ethiopia using cross-wavelet transform (XWT) analysis, multivariate Student-t generalized autoregressive score (GAS) model, distributed lag (ARDL) model. dynamics indicators were also investigated Toda–Yamamoto (TY) causality test. empirical findings from XWT meth...

The paper proposes a new bootstrap approach to Pesaran, Shin, and Smith’s bound tests in conditional equilibrium correction model overcome some typical drawbacks of the latter, such as inconclusive inference distortion size. are worked out under several data-generating processes, including degenerate cases. Monte Carlo simulations confirm better performance relative ones asymptotic F test on in...

This novel research looked into the role of public-private partnership investment in energy affecting Pakistan’s long-term environmental sustainability. Employing time series data from 1992 to 2018 and utilizing autoregressive distributive lag model (ARDL) model, we found a equilibrium association ecological footprint with energy, technological innovation, economic growth, trade openness. Our o...


 This paper examines the behavior of real exchange rate in Egypt over period 1965–2018 by attempting to pursue three interrelated purposes. The first is investigate extent deviations between actual and its equilibrium level illustrate magnitude any currency misalignments. second search for different phases over- undervaluation local explain accompanying economic policies and/or factors le...

This study examined the impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria from 1970 to 2018. A multiple regression model was developed achieve study’s objectives with real growth rate (RMGR) as proxy for performance. Import penetration, export dummy variable structural adjustment programme alongside other control variables were used. Using Autoregressive Distributed ...

The Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been known to play significant roles in promoting economic growth, employment generation foreign exchange earnings among others, of both developed developing economies. Monetary policy, on the other hand, actions strategies employed by a central bank or monetary authority control regulate money supply, interest rates, credit conditions an economy. Th...

Agriculture, Food security, Climate change, and food import are vital components of an economy. This article empirically explored the long-run short-run impact these variables on economic development Bangladesh by employing ARDL model over period from 1971 to 2020. The outcome F-bounds test confirmed existence a no relationship among examined, hence, appropriate is ARDL. study then analysed agr...

The prime objective of this study was to examine the impact COVID-19 shock on sector returns South African Stock market. employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model estimated with a Pooled Mean Group estimator sample daily stock 10 Johannesburg Exchange (JSE) sectors. results indicate heterogeneous behaviour in return response shock. shows that Pandemic negatively impacted majority How...

With the Paris Agreement coming into effect, China, as the largest CO₂ emitter in the world, will be facing greater pressure to reduce its carbon emissions. This paper discusses how to solve this issue from the perspective of financial development in China. Although many studies have analyzed its impact on carbon emissions, the conclusions are contradictory. A major criticism of the existing st...

Abstract With the rapid expansion of RMB exchange rate’s floating range, effects rate and global commodity price changes on China’s stock prices are likely to increase. This study uses both auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) approaches explore symmetric asymmetric prices. Our findings show that without considering critical variable prices, there is no cointegration re...