This paper discusses the notion of projectivity and algorithms for projectivizing and detecting non-projective edges in totally ordered rooted trees (such trees are used in dependency syntax analysis of natural language, where they are called dependency trees). In the first part, we review the notion of projectivity, then we present a new definition inspired by the algorithmic inquiry and show ...

For many years ago, handwriting is a challenger interest, both online and off line recognition of the handwriting are largely presented in literature. Latin script studies were largely presented using UNIPEN or IRONOFF databases. But Arabic studies were poorly presented in literature because there are no common Arabic d...

New input and output concepts under Unicode: Literary, Classical and Qurʾānic Arabic in Unicode involve more characters than the Arabic keyboard can accommodate. To enter sophisticated Arabic, Basis Technology and DecoType jointly developed an IME (input method editor): ALI (Arabic, Latin Input). When used at full power, ALI overstretches conventional font technology. Only DecoType’s Arabic Cal...

since the second century (lunar calendar) in arabic literary criticism, the question of whether poetry should stay clear of philosophy, science, and thought or the poet can enjoy using them, has come to the fore. naturally, before muslims get familiar with greek, indian, and persian-rooted knowledge, philosophy, culture, and civilization (which were under the influence of such translations) the...

A water deficit during stage III of fruit growth was established with the aim of determining if it is possible to achieve an improvement in tree water status by summer pruning and fruit thinning. The experiment was set up as a randomized block split-plot design across trials (irrigation) where pruning was assigned to the main plot and fruit thinning to the sub-plots. The irrigation treatments w...

kaiss al-kaiss**, zahra hakimzadeh*** exploring saadi’s literary character to gain insight of overall picture of arab literature in his work is not entirely realized when dealing only with his persian accomplishments, it is necessary to study his accomplishments in arabic poems alongside with his persian works to succeed in such venture. saadi has a variety of purpose in his usage of arabic lan...

most of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. this critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. thus sensitivity is not the only appliance to wisdom but is a mean to inspire happiness or unhappiness feeling. consequently the passive (critical) school is the result ...