Bronchoalveolar lavage is a powerful technique for sampling the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lower respiratory tract but also results in a significant dilution of that fluid. To quantify the apparent volume of ELF obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, urea was used as an endogenous marker of ELF dilution. Since urea diffuses readily through the body, plasma and in situ ELF urea concentrat...

As a means of expression and schematic representation of processes and influences effective in plant physiology, investigators from time to time have sought the best modes of presentation in accord with advance of knowledge through further facts. The present work is an attempt to evaluate our present modes of expression in the field of solvent and solute movement into plants and to consider fur...

Acidified steam condensates that are enriched in SO4 but poor in Cl are found in the upper parts of many geothermal systems occurring in steep terrains. In this paper, we characterize the chemical evolution of these acid-sulfate fluids by combining mineral and fluid inclusion relationships from Karaha-Telaga Bodas with numerical simulations of water-rock interactions. These interactions were mo...

Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) are frightening to caregivers and clinicians alike. This article provides a comprehensive review of the causes, management, and consequences of ALTEs. The information provided was collected from an extensive literature review using the search terms ALTE, sudden infant death syndrome, and apnea. There is a wide array of contributing factors to ALTE syndro...

Risk generated by uncertainty about future management policies appears to affect firms’ cost of borrowing. In a sample of S&P 1500 firms between 1987 and 2012, CDS spreads, loan spreads and bond yield spreads all decline over the first three years of CEO tenure, holding other macroeconomic, firm, and security level factors constant. This decline occurs regardless of the reason for the prior CEO...

We use accurate thermodynamic derivatives extracted from high-precision measurements of the four volume-fixed diffusion coefficients in ternary solutions of lysozyme chloride in aqueous NaCl, NH4Cl, and KCl at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C to (a) assess the relative contributions of the common-ion and nonideality effects to the protein chemical potential as a function of salt concentration, (b) compa...

Loss of cortical gray matter is accompanied by a commensurate increase in the sulcal and intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume. On diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, this would be reflected as a higher apparent diffusion coefficient in affected brain regions. On the basis of the above premise, we suggest that the apparent diffusion coefficient may be used as a surrogate marker...

Volume changes due to osmotic flow in the distal portion of proximal tubules of Necturi were measured by the split oil drop technique. In agreement with previous findings no volume flow was induced by NaCl concentrations close to 60 mM. The tubule wall was found to be permeable to plasma electrolytes, which have an apparent reflection coefficient of 0.69. The mean apparent hydraulic conductivit...

The solubilities of the assemblages albite + paragonite + quartz and jadeite + paragonite + quartz in H2O were determined at 500 and 600 !C, 1.0–2.25 GPa, using hydrothermal piston-cylinder methods. The three minerals are isobarically and isothermally invariant in the presence of H2O, so fluid composition is uniquely determined at each pressure and temperature. A phase-bracketing approach was u...