background: trichophyton verrucosum is a zoophilic fungus with a worldwide distribution. our aim was to investigate the proliferative effect of antigenic compounds of t. verrucosum on dermis fibro blasts and endothelial cells. methods: t. verrucosum was cultured in scc medium and was then transferred to a broth medium. surface antigens of this fungus were separated using the freeze and thaw met...

Distinguishing mutations that determine an organism's phenotype from (near-) neutral 'hitchhikers' is a fundamental challenge in genome research, and is relevant for numerous medical and biotechnological applications. For human influenza viruses, recognizing changes in the antigenic phenotype and a strains' capability to evade pre-existing host immunity is important for the production of effici...

Most studies on seasonal influenza A/H3N2 virus adaptation have focused on the main antigenic gene, hemagglutinin. However, there is increasing evidence that the genome-wide genetic background of novel antigenic variants can influence these variants' emergence probabilities and impact their patterns of dominance in the population. This suggests that non-antigenic genes may be important in shapi...

BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most disseminated human pathogens, for which no vaccine is available yet. Understanding the impact of the host pressure on pathogen antigens is crucial, but so far it was only assessed for highly-restricted geographic areas. We aimed to evaluate the evolutionary picture of the chlamydial key antigen (MOMP), which is one of the leading multi-subunit...

Chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) of which the antigenic properties can be readily manipulated is a potentially powerful approach in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in sub-Saharan Africa. FMD vaccine application is complicated by the extensive variability of the South African Territories (SAT) type viruses, which exist as distinct genetic and antigenic variants in diffe...

processes that shape genetic variability and evolutionary change.The causes of variability and change provide the basis for understanding why simple vaccines work well against some viruses, whereas complex vaccine strategies achieve only limited success against other viruses. The battle between host and parasite often comes down to the rates at which attacker and defender molecules bind or evad...

conclusions it can be concluded that tempol can improve dyslipidemia and may decrease hyperglycemia in diabetes. it seems that antioxidants such as tempol can improve dyslipidemia and may decrease hyperglycemia in diabetes. results the blood glucose level increased following diabetes induction. the level of blood glucose in the diabetic receiving tempol group decreased compared to the control d...

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite infecting warm-blooded vertebrate hosts, with only early infection stage being contained with drugs. But diagnosis differencing early and late infection was not available. In the present investigation, 2-dimensional immunobloting was used to explore early and late infections in chickens. The protein expression of T. gondii was determin...