This article reviews the use of opioid antagonists in the pharmacologic treatment of alcohol dependence. The rationale for using the opioid antagonists naltrexone and nalmefene to prevent relapse in alcohol-dependent subjects is discussed by reviewing past and current clinical trials. The role of psychotherapies, particularly coping skills therapy, in combination with opioid antagonists is high...

Naringin is a flavonoid glycoside found in citrus fruits and grapes with wide range of therapeutic actions. We aimed to study the inotropic effect naringin on rat-isolated atria, dissecting intracellular mechanisms involved this response. Concentration-response curves (0.003-6 mM) were obtained before after pre-incubation selective antagonists. Our results showed that presented biphasic respons...

Novel cyclic pentapeptides, WS7338A, B, C and D [cyclo-(AAl -AA2-DTrp-D-Glu-Ala)] were isolated as Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists from the culture broth of Sfreptomyces sp. No. 7338. Based on conformational analysis of these seeds, we defined the minimum structural requirements for binding affinity and prepared a series of acylated tripeptides with ETA receptor binding affinity. Through e...

Few drugs have so rapidly gained an established place in modern medicine as the histamine H, receptor antagonists. As a result of the inventiveness of James Black and his colleagues, the theoretical concept of a second class of histamine receptors became a therapeutic reality. The failure of classic antihistamine drugs (more appropriately H1 receptor antagonists) to block the actions of histami...

“Triple negative breast cancer” (TNBC) represents a subgroup of breast cancers (BC), which do not express receptors for either estrogen or progesterone and which do not overexpress HER-2 receptors. Although this subgroup is characterized by immunohistochemistry, there is a seventy percent overlap with basal-like breast cancers, defined by gene-expression profiling and thus these terms are frequ...

V ITAMIN B11 is a catalyst of considerable biological imimportance. Studies during time past 15 years have estai)lished a key role for thus vitanlin in protein and amiiino aci(1 mmletabohismll and, sommiewhat less firmly, in fat imletai)ohism. It would seemil, therefore, timat suitable antagonists to thus vitaillmn mllighmt be of timerapeutic inml)ortance. We are actually ill a utmost curious s...

Islamist social movements are vital players in MENA’s political arena. This study explores how these attempt to delegitimize their rivals and the frames they assign them hotly contested situations. For this purpose, used content analysis analyze entire range of Arabic language communiqués issued by Muslim Brotherhood from July 2013 January 2019. The theoretical framework is based on negative ca...

Recently, attention has focussed on the effects of calcium antagonists on renal function. When administered in vitro to the isolated perfused kidney, calcium antagonists exhibit consistent actions permitting characterization of their renal hemodynamic effects. Calcium antagonists do not affect the vascular tone of the vasodilated isolated perfused kidney, but they do dramatically reverse the re...

The development of novel non-peptide compounds with high affinity for-angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors has greatly facilitated the subclassification of Ang II receptors into AT1- and AT2-receptor subtypes. Whereas PD 123177 (1-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)methyl-5-diphenyl-acetyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro- 1H-imidazol [4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid) is the prototypical antagonist for AT2-receptors, DuP...

Transplanted Spemann's organizer induces dorsal embryonic cell fates such as the nervous system and somites, but in normal development, elimination of individual organizer signals (such as the bone morphogenetic protein [BMP] antagonists) has surprisingly modest effects on these tissues. Thus, the role of BMP antagonists may be limited to fine tuning the size of the dorsal domain. However, at l...