Human and animal skeletal remains can provide information about the food chain of inhabitant’s nutrition of archaeologicalsites. The food chain which at it minerals and organic materials transferred from soil to the plants, from plants to theanimals, and from herbivores animals to the carnivores, is the benchmark system in ancient diet. Although Chemicalinteractions between soils, animal and hu...

Russell and Burch’s Three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) remain the cornerstone for principles guiding humane experimental research. However, the concept of refinement has evolved considerably since its first inception and there have been numerous interpretations, some of which are regressive from the original definition. In this paper we examine the interpretations of refinement, a...

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT A marked difference noted when comparing small mammals and exotic pets to their wild counterparts is the degree of complexity and interaction that exists in nature and the frequent lack of complexity and interaction in pet environments. While laboratories, zoos, and large-scale animal breeding facilities are encouraged or required to provide enrichment programs for thei...

background: antibiotics are an important class of drugs which are commonly used in veterinary for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes. antibiotic consumption may leave some residues in livestock food products leading to human health problems as well as failure in fermentation processing. the objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic consumption pattern in ani...

livestock are an integral part of the agriculture sector and encompass a great impact on the national economy. an eco-friendly alternative to enhance production, prevent and treat disease conditions of animal is a great challenge for animal nutritionists. keeping farm animals healthy is necessary to obtain healthy animal products. the use of naturally occurring compounds like herbs, herbal prep...

nutraceuticals, mostly phytochemicals derived from dietary or medicinal plants such as soya bean, garlic, ginger, tea as well as propolis, honey and others, may have chemopreventive activities, as already suggested by epidemiologic and animal model studies. their ability to reduce cancer incidence in these studies is likely related to apoptosis.

As consumers and society in general become more aware of ethical and moral dilemmas associated with intensive rearing systems, pressure is put on the animal and poultry industries to adopt alternative forms of housing. This presents challenges especially regarding managing competitive social interactions between animals. However, selective breeding programs are rapidly advancing, enhanced by bo...

Recent outbreaks of food-borne diseases highlight the need for reducing bacterial pathogens in foods of animal origin. Animal enteric pathogens are a direct source for food contamination. The ban of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) has been a challenge for animal nutrition increasing the need to find alternative methods to control and prevent pathogenic bacterial colonization. The modulat...

According to modern animal welfare legislation, animals should be protected from suffering and lasting harm not for the benefit of us humans as in earlier anthropocentric conceptions, but in their own interest. The driving force behind animal protection is our empathy with animals which triggers feelings of compassion. Empathy with animals most likely is a psychological side-effect of adaptive ...