Losartan potassium, Valsartan , Telmisartan and Irbesartan are angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA II) group which used in treatment of hypertension alone or in combination with other drugs mainly Hydrochlorothiazide. RP- HPLC method was developed for the assay of three angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists (ARA-IIs) in presence of Hydrochlorothiazide. The method was performed by reversed ph...

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is considered to be the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Proteinuria is declared as the most marked risk factor in progression towards ESRD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline for reduction of proteinuria in type II diabetic patients. Methods: From May 2007 to June 2008, this randomized clinical trial study w...

Angiotensin II is a known stimulus for the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This action of angiotensin II is mediated by the angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor. However, the role of the angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor subtype in inducing VEGF expression has been controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of AT2 receptor blockade on VEGF expres...

OBJECTIVE The migratory capability of vascular endothelial cells plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of vessel wall integrity and is stimulated by nitric oxide (NO). Angiotensin II increases NAD(P)H oxidase activity in endothelial cells, thereby promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Because ROS can both reduce NO synthase activity and increase NO breakdown, thus impairing NO a...

background: diabetic nephropathy is considered to be the most common cause of end stage renal disease (esrd). proteinuria is declared as the most marked risk factor in progression towards esrd. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline for reduction of proteinuria in type ii diabetic patients. methods: from may 2007 to june 2008, this randomized clinical trial study w...

background: stroke is the third leading cause of invalidism and death in industrialized countries. there are conflicting reports about the effects of angiotensin ii on ischemia-reperfusion brain injuries and most data have come from chronic hypertensive rats. in this study, hypotensive and non-hypotensive doses of candesartan were used to investigate the effects of angiotensin ii at1 receptor b...