The importance of true micro and nano characterization is required for advanced metrological techniques. The ability to measure and characterize the dimension, geometrical form and surface topography to study physical, chemical, mechanical and biological properties for complex features of engineering object, biomaterial, organ, tissue in microor nano-meter scale is vital for high degree of prec...

al-adab al-saghīr has been translated from pahlavi, and can be regarded as the crossroads of the iranian and islamic cultures. ibn-e moqafa’a, like other translators of pahlavi texts, translated texts which were in line with islamic thoughts from pahlavi to arabic. this was warmly welcomed in the arab world, but they were gradually intertwined with arabic thoughts and the iranian roots were for...

justice is a fundamental concept in islam. numerous thinkers have reflected upon it. the present article aims to study the meaning of justice from the perspective of al-farabi and ibn khaldun by a qualitative content analysis-based literature review, and in the end, assess their strategies of confronting injustice. it is worth noting that al-farabi and ibn khaldun belong to different historical...

The clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis of bilharzial cor pulmonale are well established (Bedford, Aidaros, and Girgis, 1946; El Ramly et al., 1953; Salah, 1958, Badawi et al., 1961). It is usually possible to differentiate between early and advanced cases, but more refined grading is not easy to achieve at the bedside. Our attempts to grade the clinical signs of right ventricula...

Salah Al-Darraji Robotics Research Lab. Department of Computer Science University of Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 48 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany http://rrlab.cs.uni-kl.de [email protected] Zuhair Zafar Robotics Research Lab. Department of Computer Science University of Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 48 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany http://rrlab.cs.uni-kl.de [email protected] K...

many scholars at the present and in the past have tried to portray abulfida’ isma‘il ibn ‘umar ibn al-kathir ad-dimashghi as a truthful historian and without any fanaticism. however, the content of his “al-bidayah wa n-nihayah” indicates his utmost religious fanaticism, hiding and distorting truths, lack of politeness in writing, turning away from islamic ethics and even contradicting himself a...

traces of a class of social science and a philosophical interpretation of history could be found in the writings of famous religious and political figures as well as in some of acclaimed poets’ works of islamic era. in this regard, poems of ibn motaz, as a member of abbasid family and because of extensive tribal struggles between abbasids and alavis, are of considerable significance and are con...