Relative wages have changed dramatically after the collapse of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. Though the basic facts have been well documented, little is known about their underlying causes. This paper studies the determinants of the gender wage gap in East Germany and its evolution over time. In contrast to most other transition economies, wage di¤erentials between East Germa...

The groundnut plant has the ability to survive in areas of low rainfall because it is a legume and it increases soil fertility by fixing nitrogen in the soil. The study area is known by erratic and uneven rainfall while groundnut is the main cash crop in the area. The study identified the groundnut market outlets, factor affecting groundnut market outlet choice and identifies farm level women r...

Higher levels of women's alcohol consumption have long been attributed to increases in gender equality. However, only limited research examines the relationship between gender equality and alcohol consumption. This study examined associations between five measures of state-level gender equality and five alcohol consumption measures in the United States. Survey data regarding men's and women's a...

This paper investigates the ability of female presence to affect value relevance. Focusing on a sample 487 entities listed in 18 European countries over period 2009–2017, it uses price model assess relevance earnings and book disclosed consolidated annual reports firms analyzed. Findings offer evidence that corporate boards increases accounting amounts, providing insights board composition affe...

Gender equality and the prohibition of discrimination are not only one fundamental human rights, but also a necessary basis for achieving sustainable development. Kazakhstan’s global rankings gender in recent years show steady decline, despite legislation formed during period independence, which guarantees any form proclamation as priority national policy. An important aspect reforms, ensuring ...

Gender gaps in educational access, schooling quality and labour market outcomes are pervasive in Pakistan. This brief discusses the findings of three recent studies in Pakistan that highlight the role of education in improving individual productivity, increasing earnings, bringing people out of poverty and providing a pathway to gender equality in the labour market. The papers note the policy i...

due to the different nature of the production structure in economic sectors, growth in these sectors has a different effect on employment. on the other hand, according to market analysis by gender, the impact on job creation in economic sectors is also different for men and women. in this paper, we use social accounting matrix (sam) model for iran to assess how growth in various sectors of the ...

 Most debates about the role of tariff cuts on the level of employment and rate of wages in labor market have come out of well-known Hecscher – Ohlin and Stopler – Samuelson (HOS) theorems. Considering the fact that we have divided the workforce into skilled and unskilled labors the present paper assesses the impacts of tariff cuts on labor market indicators in Iran. To address these issues...

international experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating poverty, upgrading living standards and stabilizing economy. the relation between democrac...