Museums are places characterised by collecting objects, displaying them for public education and also subjecting their collections to research. Yet knowledge can not only be created using the collection The history of a reconstructed, albeit mostly in fragmentary way. This is important when there evidence that was acquired colonial context, contains human remains more so if these were taken fro...

Previous analyses have shown that the most recent common ancestor for a randomly mating population of size n would have lived approximately log 2 n generations ago; for example, a panmictic population of one million people would have a common ancestor about 20 generations in the past. Structured populations consisting of panmictic subpopulations connected by migration at frequencies as low as o...

The origin of Hymenoptera remains controversial. Currently accepted hypotheses consider Hymenoptera as the first side branch of Holometabola or sister-group to Mecopteroidea. In contrast, fossils confirm the idea of Martynov that Hymenoptera are related to Megaloptera and Raphidioptera. Hymenoptera have descended along with Raphidioptera from the earliest Megaloptera, the Permian Parasialidae. ...

The Moran model is used in population genetics as a simple way to describe the stochastic evolution of a biological population. The model assumes that the population has a fixed size N and that it evolves through random reproduction events, in which one individual dies and is replaced by a newborn. Parents of the newborn individual are chosen at random from the population. In the classical Mora...

Some molecular phylogenies of plastid-like genes suggest that chloroplasts (the structures responsible for photosynthesis in plants and algae) might have been secondarily lost in trypanosomatid parasites. Chloroplasts are present in some euglenids, which are closely related to trypanosomatids, and it has been argued that chloroplasts arose early in the diversification of the lineage Euglenozoa,...