BACKGROUND Double outlet right ventricle (DORV), a clinically significant congenital heart defect, occurs in 1-3% of individuals with congenital heart defects. In contrast to other major congenital heart defects, there are no systematic or comprehensive data regarding associations, aetiologies, and pathogenesis of DORV. We analysed reported cases in the medical literature to address these issue...

Perhaps the greatest challenge currently facing the biomedical research community is the ability to integrate highly detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms to represent clinical disease states as a pathway to engineer effective therapeutics. This is particularly evident in the representation of organ-level pathophysiology in terms of abnormal tissue structure, which, through histology, rema...

Because hearing is accomplished by the brain (with neural input from the cochlea), presbyacusis can be ultimately accounted for by changes in brain activity that accompany aging. The anatomic and physiologic changes that accompany aging are of two basic types: the central effects of biological aging (CEBA) and the central effects of peripheral pathology (CEPP). Research using inbred mice and ot...

Arthrography of the second metatarsophalangeal joint is an important diagnostic tool to evaluate the integrity of the plantar plate and to aid in the decision process for surgical intervention. A variety of filling patterns have been identified with lesser metatarsophalangeal joint arthrography and their significance with soft-tissue pathology remains to be completely understood. The purpose of...

Biochemical mechanisms to explain pain generation began relatively recently. Evaluating pain originating from the spine can be challenging because no historical or physical examination findings are sufficiently sensitive or specific for identifying each of the myriad of potential pain generators. These discrete anatomic structures include the nerve root, disc annulus, posterior longitudinal lig...

It is wise to recall the dictum "children are not small adults" when managing pediatric orbital fractures. In a child, the craniofacial skeleton undergoes significant changes in size, shape, and proportion as it grows into maturity. Accordingly, the craniomaxillofacial surgeon must select an appropriate treatment strategy that considers both the nature of the injury and the child's stage of gro...

Simulators and models of the respiratory system range from simple mechanical devices to complex systems that include sophisticated computers. These systems have considerable utility in clinician education, guiding therapies, evaluating new devices and techniques, and in improving our understanding of the cardiorespiratory system. Simulators and models are of 3 types: signs-and-symptoms simulato...

BACKGROUND Cornelia De Lange (CDL) is a rare genetic syndrome characterized by short stature, intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities, and distinctive facial features. We present a case of CDL with several rare cerebrovascular anatomic variants that impacted the treatment of a direct cavernous carotid fistula (CCF). CASE DESCRIPTION This 32-year-old male CDL patient suffered a direct,...

Introduction There are major differences in the anatomy and physiology of the ophthalmic system of various animal species when compared to man. These differences reflect the differences in living conditions, behavioral characteristics, environmental diversity and diets of the various animals. The pig has both similarities and differences from humans and this manuscript will describe the anatomy...

Tetrallogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most widespread congenital heart defect characterized by a wide anatomic spectrum and clinical manifestations, which depend on degree stenosis pulmonary artery, can be associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) rare genetic disorder that often occurs in autosomal-dominant type has high risk cardiac death abnormalities certain g...