Introduction Insulin analogues have become increasingly popular despite their greater cost compared with human insulin. The aim of this study was to calculate the incremental cost to the National Health Service (NHS) of prescribing analogue insulin preparations instead of their human insulin alternatives. Methods Open-source data from the four UK prescription pricing agencies from 2000 to 2009...

Analogue gravity is a research programme which investigates analogues of general relativistic gravitational fields within other physical systems, typically but not exclusively condensed matter systems, with the aim of gaining new insights into their corresponding problems. Analogue models of (and for) gravity have a long and distinguished history dating back to the earliest years of general rel...

BACKGROUND & AIMS Treatment for hepatitis B virus infection reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the long-term protective effects for subgroups of patients with chronic hepatitis B are unclear. METHODS We conducted a retrospective nationwide cohort study using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 201...

This paper presents a group of evolutionary mechanisms for the design of analog circuits, embedded on a genetic algorithm that performs the synthesis of an analog filter. The algorithm interacts with SPICE, to evaluate the fitness of evolved circuits. In order to model an analog circuit, a linear representation is introduced and its corresponding reproduction operators that preserve the valid t...

We present a method of automatically generating circuit designs using evolutionary search and a set of circuit-constructing primitives arranged in a linear sequence. This representation has the desirable property that virtually all sets of circuit-constructing primitives result in valid circuit graphs. While this representation excludes certain circuit topologies, it is capable of generating a ...

We deal with the problem of designing suitable languages for the modeling and the automatic verification of properties over analog circuits. To this purpose, we suitably enrich classical temporal logics with basic formulæ allowing to model arbitrary functions relating analog variables. We show how to accomplish the task of automatically check the resulting CTLf formulæ on analog circuits. To th...