There is evidence for functional specificity of subregions along the rostrocaudal axis of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The subregion-specific distribution of dopaminergic afferents and glutamatergic efferents along the ACC make these obvious candidates for coding such regional responses. We investigated this possibility using microdialysis in freely-moving rats to compare changes in ext...

The prescribed use of methylphenidate (Ritalin) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has risen dramatically in recent years. The relative roles of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the therapeutic action of these drugs was assessed by comparing the responses of extracellular nucleus accumbens dopamine and serotonin and hippocampus norepinephrine to the acute adm...

Despite extensive evidence for cognitive deficits associated with drug use and multiple publications supporting the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation treatment (CRT) services for drug addictions, there are a few well-structured tools and organized programs to improve cognitive abilities in substance users. Most published studies on cognitive rehabilitation for drug dependent patients use...

BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of unprotected sex is essential in HIV prevention research. Since 2001, the 100% Condom Use Program targeting female sex workers (FSWs) has been a central element of the Cambodian National HIV/AIDS Strategy. We sought to assess the validity of self-reported condom use using the rapid prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test among Cambodian FSWs. METHODS From 2009 t...

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a substituted phenethylamine more commonly known as the drug of abuse "ecstasy." The acute and persistent neurochemical effects of MDMA in the mice are distinct from those in other species. MDMA shares biological effects with both amphetamine-type stimulants and mescaline-type hallucinogens, which may be attributable to distinct effects of its two ena...

BACKGROUND Addiction has surpassed the boundaries of health and treatment and turned into a social crisis and a debilitating and major concern in today's world. Amphetamine, one of the addictive drugs, is classified as psycho-stimulants drugs, which increase arousal, alertness, and motor activity. Humans report that this drug produces a significant euphoria and is highly addictive. OBJECTIVES...

The framework Pure Type System (PTS) offers a simple and general approach to designing and formalizing type systems. However, in the presence of dependent types, there often exist certain acute problems that make it difficult for PTS to directly accommodate many common realistic programming features such as general recursion, recursive types, effects (e.g., exceptions, references, input/output)...

Abstract Background Crystal methamphetamine (‘ice’) causes significant societal harm in Australia and is perceived by the public to be drug of most concern nationally. Although effective treatments exist, it estimated that only a third people dependent on amphetamine-type stimulants receive treatment each year. Barriers care may for who use ice can include psychosocial (e.g., knowledge, attitud...

Introduction: Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS), an autosomal recessive rare connective tissue disorder characterized by tortuosity, elongation and stenosis in the large and medium sized arteries. It manifestations include vascular and nonvascular connective tissue related symptoms. In this literature we describe the first cases of ATS from Iran. Case report: A six-months-old female wa...

Overview Therapy may be indicated in ADHD to address organizational skills deficits or oppositional behavior. Nonetheless, medication is a first line treatment for ADHD. It is appropriate to start with either of the two stimulant classes (methylphenidate or amphetamine) or with atomoxetine. Stimulants have been shown to be effective more often than atomoxetine. The decision regarding which medi...