Some functionalized 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives were synthesized using a one-pot, four component reaction involving 1,2-diketones, aryl aldehydes, ammonium acetate and substituted aromatic amines. The synthesis has been efficiently carried out in a solvent free medium using β-cyclodextrin-propyl sulfonic acid as a catalyst to afford the target compounds in excellent yields. T...

introduction: water is the main carrier of herbicides (hc) that its quality plays an important role in herbicide performance hard water has a high concentration of ca++ and mg++ and reviews have shown that calcium, manganese and zinc are the main factors reducing the effectiveness of weak acid herbicides. weak acid herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, clethodim and 2, 4 d are compounds that...

Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts have been screened for their toxic effect on HeLa and K562 cancer cell lines, as well as on normal HUVEC cells. Tri-n-butyl-n-hexadecylphosphonium bromide, the first phosphonium salt with a halogen anion tested against HeLa cells, was 12 times more potent (IC50 <5 μm after 24 and 48 h) than the clinically used reference compound cisplatin and 17 times m...

Summer cyanobacterial blooms caused an elevation in pH (9 to ∼10.5) that lasted for weeks in the shallow and tidal-fresh region of the Sassafras River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay (USA). Elevated pH promoted desorption of sedimentary inorganic phosphorus and facilitated conversion of ammonium (NH+4 ) to ammonia (NH3). In this study, we investigated pH effects on exchangeable NH+4 desorption, ...

Non-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these fertilizers leads to Cd build-up soil. The current study aims evaluate impacts sources and rates on growth maize (Zea mays L.) bioavailability Cd. Twelve treatments including rock phosphate 4 g kg−1 (RP1); 8 (RP2); 12 (RP3)); single super 333 mg (SSP1); 444 (SSP2); 555 (SSP3); di-ammo...

Nitrogen (N) strongly affects plant growth and metabolism. Although ammonium toxicity has been reported, the effects of nitrogen on shikonin biosynthesis remain obscure. In this study, we tested four different concentrations NH4+ Arnebia euchroma hairy roots (AEHR) to clarify influence AEHR accumulation in them possible mechanisms. The results showed that compared with 0% treatment (only nitrat...