mystical texts are the most important texts have been set to convey epistemic teachings and to influence the audiences concerned with awareness and esoteric training.  therefore it seems that specific techniques have been used in rhetoric to fulfill this objective. according to the style of speech in mystical texts, they can be considered as rhetoricals. reviewing the concept of rhetoric and it...

Hieronymus Bosch and other early Renaissance artists depicted 'stone operations' in which stones were supposedly surgically removed from the head as a treatment for mental illness. These works have usually been interpreted either as portraying a contemporary practice of medical charlatans or as an allegory of human folly, rather than a real event. As trepanation for head injury and mental disea...

Abstract Both ‘sign’ and ‘symbol’ are words with a long polysemic history in Western culture. Moreover, the 120-year of modern semiotics movement has failed to provide highly needed definition these most basic terms, thus resulting ambiguity discipline itself. This paper proposes defining ‘sign/symbol’ as ‘a sensuous entity be regarded carrying meaning’. Furthermore, terminological chaos that a...

The painting is a powerful allegory of knowledge and life. A spiral tower of Babel rises in the back; in the middle, Mercury alias Hermes is standing. Bearer of knowledge (in the alchemic tradition the "Mercury of philosophers" symbolized with his caduceus the synthesis of opposites), messenger of gods and dreams, guide of the souls, he is staring at an egg, a primigenial and universal symbol o...