OBJECTIVE Four types of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders: tardive dyskinesia (TD), parkinsonism, akathisia and tardive dystonia, subtypes of TD (orofacial and limb truncal dyskinesia), subtypes of parkinsonism (rest tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia), as well as a principal-factor of the movement disorders and their subtypes, were examined for association with variation in 7 candidate ...

Benzodiazepines are primarily used for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia and status epilepticus. These drugs can also be useful in hyperaroused states, catatonic stupor, manic episodes, and akathisia. This paper will review indications for their use in various psychotic conditions.

BACKGROUND To identify patient characteristics and early changes in patients' clinical status that best predict subsequent switching of antipsychotic agents in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS This post-hoc analysis used data from a one-year randomized, open-label, multisite study of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. The study protocol permitted switching of a...

BACKGROUND Considering that depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in schizophrenia, this study investigated whether the severity of a psychotic episode in an acute phase schizophrenia cohort is predictive of concurrent depressive and anxiety features. METHOD Fifty one recently hospitalised patients suffering from acute phase schizophrenia participated prospectively in a cross-sectional s...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is one of the most important pro-inflammatory markers with immunomodulatory activity associated schizophrenia. The possible involvement interleukin-6 in etiopathogenesis schizophrenia and development different clusters symptoms remains debatable; relationship between an increase a number confounding factors, including smoking, has not yet been studied. aim this work was pil...

ACUTE DRUG-INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDERS Acute drug-induced movement disorders, such as acute dystonia, parkinsonism, and akathisia, are very common side effects of dopamine blocking agents. A causal relationship between these movement disorders and antipsychotics is beyond any doubt if (i) antipsychotic-naïve psychotic patients without movement disorders receive antipsychotics and develop these s...