Predation by small mustelids is widely considered to be the most likely mechanism to maintain multiannual fl uctuations of vole populations in Fennoscandia. Apart from the direct effect of predation, small mustelids have been suggested to have indirect effects on vole population dynamics. We studied in a fi eld experiment the indirect effects of the presence of the least weasel (Mustela nivalis...

In cyclic vole populations the body size of voles tends to vary with population density, voles being smaller in the decline and low density phases than in the peak phase of the cycle. We have studied this ‘Chitty effect ̓ using fi eld measurements of vole (Microtus agrestis, M. rossiaemeridionalis) body size and predator densities, and laboratory experiments on the minimum passable hole size for...

This study aims to examine the potential of non-edible seed oil ( Cucumis melo var. agrestis ), content 29.1%, FFA 0.64 (mg KOH/g) for biodiesel production via nano-catalyst. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive (EDX). maximum yield (93%) attained under optimized co...