having briefly been reviewed the historical process of changing the formulae for determining the times of islamic prayers, two newly found formulae and a new rule for establishing the times of prayers would be discussed. these matters have been exploited from four texts, still preserved as manuscript: (1) siyyid ¾?y? al-d?n sh?shtar?’s ¼ad b?b dar macrifa al-a½??rl?b, (2) b?r?n?’s ’ist?c?b f? c...

Giuseppe Nicoletti, Dana Hajkova and Kwang-Yeol Yoo work in the OECD Economics Department; Steve Golub and Daniel Mirza are, respectively, Professor of Economics at Swarthmore College (United States) and Research Fellow at the University of Nottingham (United Kingdom), and were consultants to the OECD Economics Department when this paper was written. The authors wish to thank Sveinbjörn Blöndal...

BACKGROUND Central corneal thickness (CCT) is an important indicator of corneal status. Its measurement provides valid information about corneal physiological condition and possible changes associated with diseases, traumas, and hypoxia. It is an integral part for interpretation of intraocular pressure and glaucoma patient management and in prerefractive procedure assessment. OBJECTIVE The ai...

safīnat al-bihār wa madīnat al-hikam wa al-āthār, a precious book by sheikh abbās qumī, is a comprehensive content list for the famous book, bihar al-’anwār al-jāmi‘ah li al-durar al-akhbār al-’a’immat al-’athār by allāmah madjlesī. the big number of volumes bihar al-’anwār’ contains as well as the diverse subjects it covers, caused the hadīth narrator, qumī, to write a content list for that bo...

being an outstanding hadith transmitter of sunni hadith collections as well as narrating some hadiths in shiite collections while having some relation with shiite fourth, fifth, and sixth imams on the one hand and occupying various posts for 45 years in marwanid court on the other, zuhri played a significant role in organizing and writing down hadiths. such a background caused contradictory jud...

al-jawahiri, one of the most illustrious contemporary classical poets of iraq, was born in the holy city of najaf to a cultured, scholarly, and cultivated family. the scientific and cultural environment of najaf, the literary and scientific richness of his familial atmosphere, and al-jawahiri’s poetic taste and talent caused him to turn to his predecessor poets’ works, especially the ones from ...