Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a natural agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, currently being used as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its insulinotropic properties. Previous studies have revealed that acute administration of both GLP-1 and, in particular, Ex-4 potently stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. In this work, the effects of prolonged ...

Question Treatment of difficult asthma with oral corticosteroids (OCS) may suppress hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study we checked if high doses of cicleso-nide instead of OCS may restore the adrenal function without loss of the disease control. Methods In five asthmatics with poor control of the disease despite treatment with systemic corticosteroids OC were replaced with high d...

MOJ Toxicol 2016, 2(2): 00032 Abbreviations: ADHD: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder; CNS: Central Nervous System; CPRS: Conners’ Parent Rating Scale; CTRS: Conners’ Teachers Rating Scale; HPA: Hipothalamo Pituitary Adrenal Axis; HPAS: Hacettepe Psychological Adaptation Scale; PNPM: p-Nitrophenyl α-maltoside; sAA: α-amylase; SAM: Sympathetic Adrenal Medulary; STAI: State Trait Anxiet...

A well developed extra-adrenal cortical body with an axis of 200-700 micron was found in eighteen of thirty adult male Wistar rats under a stereomicroscope. All eighteen bodies were located between the kidneys. Blood vascular beds of sixteen of the eighteen bodies were reproduced with a methacrylate casting medium and observed with a scanning electron microscope. The extra-adrenal cortical body...

Individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have reduced fertility. However, reproductive outcomes have improved over the years. This review provides an update on the multiple pathologic processes that contribute to reduced fertility in both sexes, from alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to the direct effect on gonadal function by elevated circulating adrenal androgens. ...

Abstract The pathophysiology of COVID comprises an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has a crucial role in various inflammatory conditions and modulated immunological Limited evidence is available regarding the incidence effect HPA dysfunction COVID-19. Although cortisol levels have only been estimated few studies, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (D...

Although starvation-induced biochemical and metabolic changes are perceived by the hypothalamus, the adrenal gland plays a key role in the integration of metabolic activity and energy balance, implicating feeding as a major synchronizer of rhythms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Given that orexins are involved in regulating food intake and activating the HPA axis, we hypothesi...

Adrenocortical insufficiency is a serious complication of AIDS. Usually, integrity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in AIDS patients is assessed by measuring basal cortisol levels and cortisol response to 250 microg of ACTH. Recent studies suggest that a lower ACTH dose increases the sensitivity of the procedure. In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of adrenal hyp...

There is growing interest in the role of Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) in depression. To evaluate the validity of its administration in depression, the role of DHEA in the mechanism of depression and cardiovascular risk, as so the results of clinical trials must be considered. According to accessible literature, both concepts of depression--monoaminergic and glucocorticoid--are related. The key ...

The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (GC), mineralocorticoids (MC) and androgens. GC maintain homeostasis, MC regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and adrenal androgens contribute to development of secondary sexual characteristics. Pharmacologic GC therapy is frequently indicated in the pediatric age group. Besides having many important side effects, prolonged high dose systemic GC the...