objective: it has been shown that berberine, a major component of berberis vulgaris extract, modulates the activity of several neurotransmitter systems including dopamine (da) and n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) contributing to rewarding and reinforcing effects of morphine. drug craving and relapsing even after a long time of abstinence therapy are the most important problems of addiction. in the p...

background : pronoun error is one of the most common errors in many speech and language disorders. therefore, knowing about the development procedure of dependent possessive pronouns (as a subgroup of pronouns), leads to build an accurate profile for evaluation and treatment of many disorders. the goal of the present study was to examine the development of dependent possessive pronouns in 2.5-4...

abstractacquiring vocabulary, as a significant and challenging part of language learning process, has always been consistent with reading. in this study, the researchers examined the effect of enhanced extensive reading on efl learners’ incidental acquisition of english vocabulary, with specific focus on phrasal verbs. twenty five homogenized participants were selected and divided into two grou...

articles in general and definite articles in particular can create problems even long after all other aspects of english have been mastered. the present article investigated the learnability problems related to the acquisition of count-mass distinction of english nominals by persian l2 learners. the theoretical underpinning of the study is the interpretability hypothesis (tsimpli & dimitrak...

this paper aims at investigating the acquisition of italian complex predicates by native speakers of persian. complex predication is not as pervasive a phenomenon in italian as it is in persian. yet italian native speakers use complex predicates productively; spontaneous data show that persian learners of italian seem to be perfectly aware of italian complex predicates and use this familiar fea...

abstract this study investigated the validity of processability theory proposed by pienemann (1998/2015) among iranian efl learners’ oral performance. the theory defines six procedural stages for learners in the process of second language acquisition. in order to conduct the study, 10 intermediate efl learners were selected based on their performance on oxford placement test. then, they partici...

Microgenetic  method  is  a  specific  method  for  studying  change  in  abilities,  knowledge,  and understanding  during  short  time  spans,  through  dense  observations,  and  over  a  relatively  long period of time. In this paper I will attempt to provide a brief overview of microgenetic method and will point out its potential advantages and disadvantages in the context of second langua...

cerebral palsy is a term commonly used for conditions characterized by motor dysfunction due to non-progressive brain damage in early life. the aim of this study was to compare the effects of self-control and experimental-control feedback frequencies on the acquisition, retention and transfer of a throwing task in children with spastic cerebral palsy. from 1750 students with cerebral palsy in t...