A short axis echocardiographic cut of the heart from the subcostal approach was used to study the atrioventricular junction in 47 infants and children with congenital heart disease and 20 with normal hearts. Examination of the diastolic openings of both atrioventricular valves was able to establish normal developments of the valves and annuli even when this was found in cases of complex congeni...

Philip M. Chang, MD, FHRS, CEPS, Akash R. Patel, MD, FHRS, CEPS, Peter Aziz, MD, FHRS, CEPS, Maully J. Shah, MBBS, FACC, FHRS From the Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California (USC), Keck Medical Center of USC, Los Angeles, California, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco, California, Cleveland Clin...

was to evaluate the prevalence of this complication and its mechanism using heart rate variability analysis. Methods and Results. Time and frequency domain analysis of heart rate was performed in the electrophysiology laboratory immediately before and immediately after RF ablation in 64 patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Ablation targets in these 64 patients included the fast AV nodal ...

INTRODUCTION Transcatheter radiofrequency ablation is an effective, safe treatment of arrhythmias in children. However, despite technical advances, patients with obstructed venous access to the heart have not been candidates for this treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Two children (8.2 and 10.9 kg) with complex congenital heart disease, supraventricular tachycardia, and obstructed venous access u...

A lthough still in its infancy, ablation of accessory pathways using radiofrequency energy delivered through a catheter already has an important history. The technique evolved from the demonstration that accessory pathway potentials could be recorded with standard multipolar electrode catheters.' It was only a natural extension of the technique to learn ways to eliminate accessory pathway condu...

The developmental appearance and spatial distribution pattern of gap junctions were studied in prenatal and adult rat hearts. Gap junctions were visualized immunohistochemically with an antibody raised against a unique cytoplasmic epitope of connexin43, and the spatial distribution pattern was determined by three-dimensional reconstruction. The results demonstrate that from embryonic day 13 onw...

Dear Sir, Accessory nipples are solitary or multiple rudimentary nipples developing along the two vertical ‘milk-lines’. Most cases are sporadic and asymptomatic. Accessory nipple occurs in 1-6% of the population and affects both genders equally.1 It is often mistaken as dermatofi broma in clinical or dermatoscopic examination. Blum et al. have reported a case of accessory nipple indistinguisha...

Disturbances of the cardiac conduction system causing reentry mechanisms above atrioventricular (AV) node are induced by at least one accessory pathway with different conducting properties and refractory periods. This work aims to further develop already existing continuously expanding Offenburg heart rhythm model visualise most common supraventricular tachycardias provide a better understandin...

Sinus node dysfunction in patients after repair of the secundum atrial septal defect has been ascribed to surgical damage. We studied 15 consecutive patients with secundum atrial septal defect before operative intervention. Noninvasive testing included 34-hour electrocardiographic monitoring and a standard 13-lead ECG. Intracardiac electrophysiologic techniques included corrected sinus node rec...

Data regarding catheter ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathways through the aortic cusps are limited. We describe two cases of true para-Hisian accessory pathways successfully ablated from the aortic cusps (right coronary cusp and non-coronary cusp, respectively) along with a review of the current literature. Due to the close proximity to the atrioventricular node and the high risk of compl...