In shade-intolerant plants such as Arabidopsis, a reduction in the red/far-red (R/FR) ratio, indicative of competition from other plants, triggers a suite of responses known as the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). The phytochrome photoreceptors measure the R/FR ratio and control the SAS. The phytochrome-interacting factors 4 and 5 (PIF4 and PIF5) are stabilized in the shade and are required for ...

Many plants display a characteristic suite of developmental "shade avoidance" responses, such as stem elongation and accelerated reproduction, to the low ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (R:FR) reflected or transmitted from green vegetation. This R:FR cue of crowding and vegetation shade is perceived by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. Phytochrome-mediated responses provide an ideal...

Esthetic restorative dentistry presents multiple challenges for the restorative team. One of the most significant challenges is achieving an accurate match of a single maxillary central incisor crown. This procedure may very well be one of the most critical procedures in esthetic restorative dentistry. Accurate shade selection and shade matching are a paramount step for achieving a natural blen...

leaf N concentration and content, and relative leaf absorbance (αr) were measured in 1-year-old seedlings of shade-intolerant Betula papyrifera Marsh., moderately shade-tolerant Quercus rubra L. and shade-tolerant Acer rubrum L. Seedlings were grown in full sun or 26% of full sun (shade) and in ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (714 ppm) CO2 for 80 days. In the shade treatments, 80% of the daily PP...

Perspective distortion always occurs while scanning thick, bound documents. This distortion mainly causes two sources of degradation for the scanned grayscale image – i) shade along the ‘spine’ of the book, and ii) warp of the words in the shade. In this paper, we propose a restoration system to solve these two problems. Our system first produces a vertical projection profile to detect which si...

Data are presented on the effect of the tree canopy transmittance in the visible waveband (VT), canopy width, height and height of the start of the tree canopy (CH) on the solar UV in tree shade on a horizontal plane at ground level during a Southern Hemisphere summer. Of these factors, the VT and CH have an influence on the UV irradiances in the tree shade. The shade ratios (UV in tree shade t...

Plants respond to the proximity of neighboring vegetation by elongating to prevent shading. Red-depleted light reflected from neighboring vegetation triggers a shade avoidance response leading to a dramatic change in plant architecture. These changes in light quality are detected by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. We analyzed global changes in gene expression over time in wild-type, p...

Plants are highly attuned to translating environmental changes to appropriate modifications in growth. Such phenotypic plasticity is observed in dense vegetations, where shading by neighboring plants, triggers rapid unidirectional shoot growth (shade avoidance), such as petiole elongation, which is partly under the control of auxin. This growth is fuelled by cellular expansion requiring cell-wa...

AIMS The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of commercially pure titanium (PTi) and titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloys (TiA) on the final shade of low-fusing porcelain bonded to them and to compare the shade changes with those of three conventional metal-ceramic systems. METHODS AND MATERIALS A titanium casting unit was used to cast PTi and Ti-6Al-4V alloy specime...