The vast majority of farmers in the drylands are resource-poor smallholders, whose livelihoods depend heavily on their farming systems. Therefore, increasing resilience these smallholders is vital for prosperity. This study quantified household and identified influence semiarid tropics India by analysing 684 households. A capacity index was devised based composition food non-food expenditure, c...

A farm operator household time-allocation model and data from the Farm Costs and Returns Survey and from other sources were used to derive off-farm wage equations for U.S. farm operators based on production region, size of farm, and farm type. These equations, in turn, were used to impute opportunity costs for farm operators' unpaid labor. Using this new method, instead of the ad hoc method of ...

The INCA (Integrated Nitrogen CAtchment) model is a semi-distributed, dynamic nitrogen model which simulates nitrogen fluxes in catchments. Sources of nitrogen can be atmospheric deposition, the terrestrial environment or direct discharges. The model can simulate nitrogen processes in six land use classes. There are three components included; the hydrological model, the catchment nitrogen proce...

Due to polluted environments, limited resources, and restricted space in coastal aquaculture, the use of a large-scale aquaculture platform deep-sea areas has become more important fish farming. However, environment deep sea is complex harsh, which threatens safety farm due extreme weather. In this work, we developed new semi-submersible vessel-shaped truss with single-point mooring, considerin...

Agriculture is an essential production system used to feed the growing human population, but at same time has become a major driver of biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. Employing methods that restore degraded landscapes can have positive impact on biodiversity, whilst improving food production. We assessed how mammalian specifically richness their relative abundances varied five ...

Using data from a national survey of farm households in the United States, this paper examines the effects of farm households’ decisions to participate in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and to work off the farm on the technical efficiency of farm household production. After controlling for the self selection bias in estimating the multiple output-oriented distance functions, results sho...