Over the past decade, significant advances were made in the research, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Such progress was in every sphere of cardiology that includes non-invasive, minimally invasive, and invasive technologies. Interpretive electrocardiography, cardiac pacemakers, cardiac stents, and angioplasty are some areas where the progress has been significant. Non-invas...

In 1908, Einthovent published the first example of normal electrocardiographic responses to exercise. In 1928, Feil and Siegel2 observed abnormal downsloping ST depression and T wave inversion in three of four patients experiencing anginal attacks (presumably after climbing stairs to the phy-sician's office; H. Hellerstein, personal communication). In 1932, Goldhammer and Scherf3 associated thi...

situation resembling most electrophysiological studies. One other factor in favour of subpectoral automatic cardioverter/defibrillator implantation under local anaesthesia is the reduced complexity of the implant procedure, whereby the procedure-related risk for the patients is reduced, since the complication rate during a pacemaker-like approach of automatic cardioverter/ defibrillator implant...

Before it is possible to assess the significance of any variation in the electrocardiographic tracing, it is necessary to know the appearances of the tracing in healthy subjects. Current practice is to record three standard limb leads, three augmented unipolar limb leads, and upwards of seven chest leads. In this way, minor variations from the normal are likely to be appreciated and more accura...

Interest in clinical fetal electrocardiography dates back to 1906 when Cremer4 published two tracings apparently showing fetal deflections of about 0.5 mm. amplitude superimposed on the maternal electrocardiogram of a nine-months gravid woman. The records were obtained with a string galvanometer electrocardiograph with one lead on the abdomen and one in the vagina. During the next 25 years Foa7...

The advent of computerised electrocardiography has been of prime importance for the storage and retrieval of data, but none of the available systems is of universal application for analysis of patterns. Future needs require hierarchical systems of increasing degrees of complexity, depending on the source of requests, and there should be appropriate provision for review by cardiologists before t...

A svstem of miultiple-lead exeicise electrocardiography has been applied to the study of 107 normal subjects and 67 patients with angina pectoris. The results of this test are compared to those of coronary cinearteriography in 84 patients. In-exercise ECGs gave useful additional information in 59% of the angina patients but were essential for interpretation in 9%. It added considerably to the s...