The liar’s paradox is a simple yet harrowing problem that has plagued logicians and philosophers who study natural language. It is an uncommon sentence, and perhaps a largely useless one outside of artificially-created circumstances. However, it threatens to undo any naivelyconstructed theory of natural language semantics, if the theory does not take the paradox into account. Indeed, many well-...

BACKGROUND Volatile anesthetics produce cardioprotective action by attenuating cellular Ca2+ overload. The Ca2+ paradox is an important model for studying the mechanisms associated with Ca2+ overload-mediated myocardial injury, and was recently found to be mediated by Ca2+ entry through the transient receptor potential canonical channels upon Ca2+ repletion. This study investigated the effect o...

This paper proposes a new framework to solve the surprise examination paradox. I survey preliminary the main contributions to the literature related to the paradox. I introduce then a distinction between a monist and a dichotomic analysis of the paradox. With the help of a matrix notation, I also present a dichotomy that leads to distinguish two basically and structurally different notions of s...

Topological semantics appears to be the first semantics suggested for modal logic in 1938 by Tsao-Chen [9]. Picking up from Tsao-Chen’s work, McKinsey (later with Tarski) incorporated various other algebraic and topological tools into modal logic, always remaining within the limits of classical logic [4, 6, 5, 7]. However, the strength of topological semantics arguably comes from its versatilit...

Formal semantics constitutes the framework of the research presented here, and the aim is to provide a solution to the imperfective paradox; i.e. explain why \Max was running" entails \Max ran", but \Max was running home" does not entail \Max ran home". This paper is divided into two parts. In Part I we evaluate what I will call the Eventual Outcome Strategy for solving the imperfective paradox...

Semantic pathology is most widely recognized in the liar paradox, where an apparent inconsistency arises in ‘‘liar sentences’’ and their ilk. But the phenomenon of semantic pathology also manifests a sibling symptom—an apparent indeterminacy—which, while not largely discussed (save for the occasional nod to ‘‘truthteller sentences’’), is just as pervasive as, and exactly parallels, the symptom ...

There are three distinct questions associated with Simpson’s paradox. (i) Why or in what sense is Simpson’s paradox a paradox? (ii) What is the proper analysis of the paradox? (iii) How one should proceed when confronted with a typical case of the paradox?We propose a “formal” answer to the first two questions which, among other things, includes deductive proofs for important theorems regarding...