The downsizing of solder balls results in larger interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) grains and less Cu substrate consumption in lead-free soldering on Cu substrates. This size effect on the interfacial reaction is experimentally demonstrated and theoretically analyzed using Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-3.5Ag solder balls. The interfacial reaction between the Sn-xAg-yCu solders and Cu substrates ...

the antibacterial activity of a series of ionic liquids containing short-chained 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations ([cnmim+]; n = 2, 4, 6 and 8) and bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion ([tf2n]) against e. coli and b. subtilis was measured, for the first time. all ils used in this work were synthesized and analyzed by fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy, nmr, and karl-fischer...

reaction of sodium salt of allyl alcohol with 2-chloro-5-phenyl- l,3,4-thiadiazole gave 2-allyloxy-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2. compounds 4a and 4b could be obtained through the reaction of nitrone 3 with 2. reaction of compound 2 with nitrone 5 afforded the final compound 6. antifungal activity of all compounds was less than ketoconazole

A method for the fractionation of sheep rumen epithelium with limited mitochondrial breakage is described. The distributions of the enzymes of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA pathway of ketogenesis indicate that this process is exclusively mitochondrial. Enzyme activities are sufficient to account for the ketogenic rates found in vivo. The failure of (-)-hydroxycitrate to block ketogenic flu...

In 1992, with the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro and the subsequent Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the world changed for the science of taxonomy. Many taxonomists appear not to have noticed this change, but it has significantly altered the political climate in which taxonomic research is undertaken. By the late 1990s it was clear that effec...

Caspase-3 inhibitory activities of some 1, 2-benzisothiazol-3-one derivatives were modeled by quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) using stepwise-multiple linear regression (SW-MLR) method. The built model was robust and predictive with correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.91 and 0.59 for training and test groups, respectively. The quality of the model was evaluated by leave-one o...