To access the relative potency of pesticides to control adult mosquitoes, 19 pesticides with various modes of action were evaluated against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values after topical application, the only pesticide that had higher activity than permethrin was fipronil, with LD50 values lower than permethrin for 10...

Clearance of a difficult biliary stone can be obtained using various interventional techniques such as endoscopic sphincterotomy followed by papillary large balloon dilation, mechanical lithotripsy, peroral cholangioscopy-assisted intraductal electrohydraulic/laser temporary plastic stent insertion, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy-guided and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. We he...

We examine the spiking axon as a communication channel. We develop a .rst principles channel model that encompasses the noise in the axon, which manifests itself as spike jitter, and the power consumption, which arises from the activity of the Na–K pump. This model enables us to examine the trade-o4 between the information rate and power consumption. Using parameters from the frog myelinated ax...

Organotin (OTs) compounds are organometallic compounds that are widely used in industry, such as in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides, paints, and others. OTs are released into the environment by anthropogenic actions, leading to contact with aquatic and terrestrial organisms that occur in animal feeding. Although OTs are degraded environmentally, reports have shown the effects of this co...

Biological phenomenon. Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) in its narrow sense refers to the change in the synaptic strength as a result of electrically eliciting pairs of action potentials (‘spikes’) with a fixed time difference between the preand post-synaptic action potentials (Markram et al., 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998; Sjostrom et al., 2001). STDP is typically observed for synapses betwee...

In this paper the coding capabilities of individual retinal ganglion cells are compared with respect to the coding capabilities of small population of cells using different neural networks. This approach allows not only the identification of the most discriminating cells, but also detection of the parameters that are more important for the discrimination task. Our results show that the spike ra...