In this report, we describe some of the issues encountered when preprocessing two of the largest datasets for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC); namely the public FCE corpus and NUCLE (along with associated CoNLL test sets). In particular, we show that it is not straightforward to convert character level annotations to token level annotations and that sentence segmentation is more complex when...

We present a protocol that allows to prove in zero-knowledge that committed values xi, yi, zi, i = 1, . . . , l satisfy xiyi = zi, where the values are taken from a finite field. For error probability 2−u the size of the proof is linear in u and only logarithmic in l. Therefore, for any fixed error probability, the amortized complexity vanishes as we increase l. In particular, when the committe...

For the first time, we study Fokas–Lenells equation in polarization preserving fibers with multiplicative white noise Itô sense. Four integration algorithms are applied, namely, method of modified simple (MMSE), sine-cosine (MSC), Jacobi elliptic (MJEE) and ansatze involving hyperbolic functions. Jacobi-elliptic function solutions, bright, dark, singular, combo dark-bright bright-dark solitons ...

Background: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to estimate the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of various biological materials, including wood. This study aimed evaluate basic density calibrations based on NIR spectra collected from three wood faces subject different mathematical treatments. Methods: Diffuse reflectance were recorded using an integrating...

Spectroscopy is essential to understand a series of phenomena in multiple fields study. In remote sensing, vegetation analysis one the most prominent explore, aiming improve specific task. As task, modeling insect damage plants establish correct management agricultural farmlands. Hyperspectral data, which can be acquired with field spectroscopy at plant or leaf level, non-direct, rapid, and tru...

The “Dangshan” pear woolliness response is a physiological disease that mostly occurs in the growth process. appearance of not obvious, and it difficult to detect with naked eye. Therefore, finding way quickly nondestructively identify great significance. In this paper, near-infrared spectral (NIR) data samples were collected at 900–1700 nm reflectance spectra using handheld miniature NIR spect...

BACKGROUND The active ingredients and thus pharmacological efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) at different degrees of parching process vary greatly. OBJECTIVE Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was used to develop a new method for rapid online analysis of TCM parching process, using two kinds of chemical indicators (5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural [5-HMF] content and 420 nm absorbance) a...

Excess pesticide residues on cabbage are harmful to humans. In this study, we propose an innovative strategy for a quick and nondestructive qualitative test of lambda-cyhalothrin Chinese cabbage. Spectral profiles leaf samples with different concentrations surface were collected Agilent Cary 630 FTIR Spectrometer. Standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correlation (MSC), principl...

UNLABELLED Cardiac SPECT images are degraded by photons scattered in the thorax. Accurate correction for scatter is complicated by the nonuniform density and varied sizes of thoraxes and by the additional attenuation and scatter caused by female patients' breasts. Monte Carlo simulation is a general and accurate method for detailed modeling of scatter. Hence, for 99mTc we compared statistical r...

Detection of scattered gamma quanta degrades image contrast and quantitative accuracy of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. This paper reviews methods to characterize and model scatter in SPECT and correct for its image degrading effects, both for clinical and small animal SPECT. Traditionally scatter correction methods were limited in accuracy, noise properties and/or ...