Accurate determination of HER2/neu status in breast carcinoma is essential. Alteration of preanalytic variables is known to affect HER2/neu results. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the College of American Pathologists (CAP) issued guidelines to standardize fixation for increased HER2/neu accuracy. We studied the effects of changing preanalytic variables on HER2/neu immunohistoc...

Objective: To study the analgesic effect of Caryophyllus aromaticus (flower buds) by formalin test in albino rats. Albino rats of either sex were taken and divided into 7 groups with 6 animals in each for central and peripheral analgesic activity by formalin test. 5% formalin is injected into the right dorsal surface of a hind paw of rat after half an hour of drug administration and the time th...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the antinociceptive effects of pharmacological activation of 5-HT7 receptors on orofacial pain in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nociception was evaluated by using an orofacial formalin test in male Balb-C mice. Selective 5-HT7 receptor agonists, LP 44 and LP 211 (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg), were given intraperitoneally 30 min prior to a formalin injection. A bolus of 10 µl of 4...

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This study investigated the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA(A) receptors in the spinal cord in the expression of pain behaviors evoked by injection of formalin in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.5% in the hindpaw of the rat. Two approaches were used. The first approach compared the effect of drug treatment to saline at each concentration of formalin. The second approach ex...

In this study, the effects of subcutaneous (SC) injection of pilocarpine (a cholinomimetic agent) and atropine (a muscarinic receptors antagonist) were investigated on a tonic model of orofacial pain in rats. The contribution of the endogenous analgesic opioid system was assessed using naloxone (an opioid receptors antagonist). Tonic orofacial pain was induced by SC injection of a diluted forma...

NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are involved in spinal transmission of nociceptive information in physiological and pathological conditions. Our objective was to study the influence of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists on pain control in the trigeminal system using a formalin-induced orofacial pain model. Motor performance was also evaluated. Male Rattus norvegicus were pre-treated with topira...

Objective: To study the analgesic effect of Caryophyllus aromaticus (flower buds) by formalin test in albino rats. Materials & Methods: Albino rats of either sex were taken and divided into 7 groups with 6 animals in each for central and peripheral analgesic activity by formalin test. 5% formalin is injected into the right dorsal surface of a hind paw of rat after half an hour of drug administr...