We contrast the latest observations of cosmic metal density in neutral gas ($\rho_{\rm met,neu}$) with three cosmological galaxy evolution simulations: L-GALAXIES 2020, TNG100, and EAGLE. find that fraction total metals are is $<40$ per cent at $3\lesssim{} z \lesssim{} 5$ these simulations, whereas damped Lyman-$\alpha$ (DLA) systems suggest $\gtrsim{}85$ cent. In all hot, low-density also a m...

We have recently developed a retargeting system for lentiviral vectors (LVs) that relies on the pseudotyping of LVs with engineered measles virus (MV) glycoproteins (hemagglutinin (H) and fusion protein (F)). Specificity is provided through display of a single-chain antibody (scFv) as targeting domain by fusion to the MV-H protein. As an alternative to scFv, designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DA...

BACKGROUND HER-2/neu-targeted therapy has been successfully used in advanced gastric cancer, but the role of HER-2/neu in the prognosis of gastric cancer is not yet clear. In this study, we investigated the correlation between HER-2/neu expression and amplification as well as their association with clinic outcomes in patients with curatively resected gastric cancer. METHODS We constructed tis...

To determine if Neu is dominant over transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), we crossed mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu mice with MMTV-TGF-beta1(S223/225) mice expressing active TGF-beta1 in the mammary gland. Bigenic (NT) and Neu-induced mammary tumors developed with a similar latency. The bigenic tumors and their metastases were less proliferative than those occurring in MMTV-Neu mic...

Plasmid DNA vectors encoding the full-length (VR1012/HER-2-FL) or only the extracellular and transmembrane domains (VR1012/HER-2-ECD-TM) of human (h) HER-2/neu proto-oncogene were used to vaccinate HER-2/neu transgenic mice (N202) engineered to overexpress the rat (r) neu proto-oncogene product (r-p185(neu)). Both the full-length and the deleted vaccines were significantly (P = 0.0001 and P = 0...

PURPOSE The HER-2/neu protein is a nonmutated tumor antigen that is overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, including breast and ovarian cancer. Many tumor antigens, such as MAGE and gp100, are self-proteins; therefore, effective vaccine strategies must circumvent tolerance. We hypothesized that immunizing patients with subdominant peptide epitopes derived from HER-2/neu, using an adj...

Recent work has suggested that overexpression of the HER-2/neu protooncogene may play a role in the aggressive clinical behavior of some breast tumors. Since hormones are also known to change the proliferation rate and invasiveness of these cells, we have studied the effect of sex steroid hormones and antihormones on levels of the HER-2/neu mRNA and protein in human breast cancer cell lines usi...

Five overlapping fragments of rat HER-2/neu have been expressed in recombinant Listeria monocytogenes. Each fragment of HER-2/neu is secreted as a fusion protein with a truncated, nonhemolytic form of listeriolysin O (LLO). Lm-LLO-EC1, Lm-LLO-EC2, and Lm-LLO-EC3 overlap the extracellular domain of HER-2/neu, whereas Lm-LLO-IC1 and Lm-LLO-IC2 span the intracellular domain. All five strains contr...

The neu oncogene encodes a tyrosine kinase with growth factor receptor-like properties. A neu protein-specific activating factor (NAF) was partially purified from medium conditioned by the transformed human T-cell line ATL-2. NAF was able to stimulate the tyrosine-specific kinase activity of the neu protein (p185neu), induce dimerization and internalization, and increase the growth of cells bea...