introduction: the inflammatory response requires a coordinated integration of various signaling pathway including cyclooxygenase (cox). cox catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. among prostaglandins, 15-deoxy-d12, 14-prostaglandin j2 (15d-pgj2), an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (ppar-γ), has been demonstrated to have anti-inflam...

The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of N-sulfonyl-2-indole carboxamides that bind to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) are reported. Chemical optimization of the series led to the identification of 4q (IC(50)=50 nM) as a potent binding agent of PPAR-gamma. Also reported is preliminary cell based data suggesting the use of these compou...

Chronic treatment with angiotensin receptor blockers is largely accepted for protecting cerebral circulation during hypertension, but beneficial effects of short-term treatments are questionable, as highlighted by the recent SCAST trial. We compared the impact of 10 days treatment with candesartan (as SCAST) versus telmisartan (previously described to reverse arteriolar remodeling, chronic trea...

Adipose tissue has been shown to contain adult mesenchymal stem cells that have therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. There is evidence that the ability of adipose precursor cells to grow and differentiate varies among fat depots and changes with age. Defining these variations in cell function and molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis will facilitate the development of cell-based th...

background: there is evidence that cd36 promotes foam cell formation through internalizing oxidized ldl (ox-ldl) into macrophages therefore, it plays a key role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. in addition, cd36 expression seems to be mediated by nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (ppar-γ). the aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effect of ...

Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a novel apolipoprotein present mostly in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma. In the present study, we demonstrate that insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-I potential peptide (IGF-IPP) significantly inhibits apoM expression, in a dose- and a time-dependent manner, in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2 cells. Insulin-induced down-regulat...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily of transcription factors. PPARs are expressed in key target tissues such as liver, fat, and muscle and thus they play a major role in the regulation of energy balance. Because of PPAR-gamma's role in energy balance, signals originating from the gut (e.g., GIP), fat (e.g., leptin), mus...

Convergent evidence has revealed an association between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, rosiglitazone, an insulin sensitizer and mitochondrial activator, improves cognition in patients with early or mild-to-moderate AD. Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, a major genetic risk factor for AD, exerts neuropatholog...

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, regulates food intake, energy balance and lymphocyte functions. Receptor mutated animals have reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines. To analyze the direct effects of leptin (0.1 nM /1 mM) on cytokine production from colonic cells, we examined pro-inflammatory (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 and TNFalpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine production in norma...