BACKGROUND & AIMS The clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD) are diverse, ranging from fibrostenosing small-bowel disease to colon-predominant inflammation. These distinctions may represent genetic, immunologic, and microbial heterogeneity. NOD2 gene mutations in CD have been described recently and may alter innate immune responses. We hypothesized that NOD2 mutations may be associated...

In bacterial infection, Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 induce innate immune responses by recognizing fragments of the bacterial component peptidoglycan (PGN). To determine the roles of these receptors in detection of periodontal pathogens, we stimulated human embryonic kidney cells expressing NOD1 or NOD2 with heat-killed Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter act...

On entering the tissues, infiltrating autoreactive T cells must be reactivated locally to gain pathogenic activity. We have previously reported that, when activated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 ligands, retinal astrocytes (RACs) are able to function as antigen-presenting cells to re-activate uveitogenic T cells and allow responder T cells to induce uveitis in mice. In the present stu...

BACKGROUND NOD2 and smoking are risk factors for Crohn's disease. We meta-analyzed NOD2-smoking interactions in Crohn's disease (Phase 1), then explored the effect of age at diagnosis on NOD2-smoking interactions (Phase 2). METHODS Phase 1: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for studies (n=18) providing data on NOD2 and smoking in Crohn's disease. NOD2-smoking interactions were estimated using ...

The intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes intestinal inflammation characterized by edema, neutrophil influx and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. A major bacterial factor inducing pro-inflammatory host responses is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). S. Typhimurium ΔmsbB possesses a modified lipid A, has reduced virulence in mice, and is being considered as a...

OBJECTIVE The activity of eicosanoid pathways is critical to the inflammatory and immune responses that are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. Yet, the signals that regulate these pathways are poorly understood. Here, we address whether the innate immune signals of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 2 affect eicosanoids metabolism in atherosclero...

OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to characterize the genotype profile of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)-associated autoinflammatory disease (NAID) and to report an extended study of the disease. METHODS A total of 143 adult patients presented with clinical phenotypes suspicious for NAID and all were genotyped for NOD2 sequence variants. The genotype frequenc...

Intracellular pattern recognition receptors such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors family members are key for innate immune recognition of microbial infection and may play important roles in the development of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatic diseases. In this study, we evaluated the role of NOD1 and NOD2 on development of experimental arthritis. Ag...

Of critical concern is the increasing antimicrobial resistance of bacteria and decreasing availability effective treatments for these multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. The activity pattern recognition receptor NOD2 increased by pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartate (PALA) in vitro. We investigated efficacy a topical PALA formulation to enhance NOD2-mediated protective im...

AIM To investigate disease-specific gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Crohn's disease (CD) patients in clinical remission. METHODS Patients with CD in clinical remission or with very low disease activity according to the Crohn's disease activity index were genotyped regarding nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), and PBMCs from wild-type...